Design/methodology/approach – This is qualitative research that draws from 22 semi-structured interviews with high school students in the capital area of Finland. The data were analyzed with the use of thematic analysis, a flexible method of data analysis that allows for the extraction of categories from both theoretical concepts and data.

From a methodological perspective, 46% of all of the studies used quantitative methods, 34% used qualitative methods, and 16% followed a mixed methodology. The literature using quantitative approaches focussed on sharing and collaborative consumption (19%) and remanufacturing (18%). Most of the research using qualitative methods investigated sharing and collaborative consumption (13%) and PSS (13%). Studies on the circular economy and consumption used both approaches equally. The three main data collection tools used were surveys (45%), semi-structured interviews (20%), and experiments (11%). Other data collection tools included focus groups, ethnography, and action research.

This qualitative enquiry conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with UK consumers to address voluntary disposition via public swapping events. As outlined in Table 2, past research investigated swapping and/or disposal behaviour predominantly through quantitative approaches, thus, lacking qualitative insights into the how and why certain practices are enacted upon (Philip et al. , 2019), which further justifies the qualitative stance in this research.

The semi structured interview method was chosen to enable richer understanding of the norms and values of those who undertake repair. To minimize misunderstandings due to the mixed face-to-face and video approach and to allow interviewees to elaborate on their repair practices semi-structured interview guidelines were prepared in advance [35,36]. In this study we are interested in how repairers and experts understand repair. For us to gain insight to such meanings of repair our interview questions therefore concerned norms, routines, practices, behaviors, motivations, outcomes, expectations, frustrations and limits, controversies, history, fidelity and enhancement, and artefacts. In the analytical section of this paper, we interpret the interviews in order to understand the meaning of repair for repairers and experts. Interpretation is central for this qualitative research approach since qualitative research is concerned with meaning and meaning-making. Qualitative research is also inherently subjective since it includes the interpretation of such meanings. Of course, each interpretation process embodies many decision points which opens for different interpretations, but the objective of the approach is not to search for one true interpretation—since no such one exists—but to make sense of, and illuminate, a complex phenomenon through interpreting its meanings. To limit any biases the interviews have been conducted by two different interviewers and the material has been read by three analysts.

Design/methodology/approach – This is qualitative research that draws from 22 semi-structured interviews with high school students in the capital area of Finland. The data were analyzed with the use of thematic analysis, a flexible method of data analysis that allows for the extraction of categories from both theoretical concepts and data.

We analysed the three types of information by following protocols similar to thematic analysis. The thematic analysis offers flexibility in approaching studying the collected

Interviews were conducted via zoom, as this allowed to recruit participants from across the UK. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. As alluded to previously, the interview embraced a semi-structured format which combined a flexible and open-ended style of questioning, following a pre-established topic guide (Rubin and Rubin, 2012). Semi-structured interviews allow for a more conversational style, as well as provide the researcher with an opportunity to ask follow-up questions on emerging topics, or simply clarifying different answers provided. Moreover, the semi-structured nature of the interview enabled the researcher to pose probing questions and, thus, drawing out participants' experiences with swapping practice. The average interview length was 38:35 min. Table 2 provides a summary of interview participants featuring swapping experience level (based on interview) and additional information as background of participants.

qualitative approach based on semistructured interviews. We did that because our aim is to explore how people involved in cloth swapping construct it as a practice and what reasons they have to get involved in it and given the lack of previous studies (Creswell, 2014). Moreover, a case study approach was considered adequate as case studies allow for in-depth analysis for specific activities in a given period. This type of research generally generates a thick description of the phenomenon of interest (Stake, 2011).

Semi-structured interviews allow researchers to follow participant accounts flexibly while maintaining a thematic consistency across the fieldwork data (reference).

Changes in lifestyles and clothing consumption patterns as paths to a sustainable society defines sharing as one of the strategies of slow fashion. Through practice theories, this research explores materials, competences and meanings that make up the practice. Thus, we sought to identify how the elements and the dynamics of clothing sharing are configured. Using a qualitative case study, data were collected through observations, semi-structured interviews (individual and group), and a focus group carried out with practitioners and providers of a collaborative store. Our results revealed that: (a) for practitioners, the practice of sharing means exclusivity, economy, and sustainable consumption; (b) for providers, the practice is linked to a conscious consumption as an opportunity for more sustainable business, including financially (c) and different materials guide the practice of sharing clothes. The elements of clothing sharing are similar between practitioners and providers; therefore, they indicate the effectiveness of the practice, in addition to pursuing sustainable consumption. The research then contributes to the development of research on sustainable consumption once it identifies management practices aimed at the collaborative consumption of clothing.

Semi-structured interviews allow researchers to follow participant accounts flexibly while maintaining a thematic consistency across the fieldwork data (reference).

Interviews were conducted via zoom, as this allowed to recruit participants from across the UK. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. As alluded to previously, the interview embraced a semi-structured format which combined a flexible and open-ended style of questioning, following a pre-established topic guide (Rubin and Rubin, 2012). Semi-structured interviews allow for a more conversational style, as well as provide the researcher with an opportunity to ask follow-up questions on emerging topics, or simply clarifying different answers provided. Moreover, the semi-structured nature of the interview enabled the researcher to pose probing questions and, thus, drawing out participants' experiences with swapping practice. The average interview length was 38:35 min. Table 2 provides a summary of interview participants featuring swapping experience level (based on interview) and additional information as background of participants.

Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates UK swapping events, through conducting 18 semi-structured consumer interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed using the seven-step guide proposed by Easterby-Smith et al. (2018).

The interview guide was organized around themes: participants' practices of acquisition and divestment, their relationship to the objects they brought and took, and the social and material dimensions of their participation in Brīvbode. While the guide included some questions on attitudes and motivations, most were designed to elicit accounts of what people actually do – how they choose what to bring, what routes objects take through their households, who does the work of sorting and transporting, and what the process of letting go feels like. Following the principles of practice-theoretical methods, the questions sought to access the practical, embodied, and often taken-for-granted dimensions of household goods circulation: the routines, competencies, and emotional labor involved in managing the flow of things. Where questions touched on values and motivations, these were treated not as explanations for behavior but as part of the meanings participants attach to their practices – an element among materials, competencies, and social arrangements in shaping how circulation is organized and reproduced.

The interview guide was organized around themes: participants' practices of acquisition and divestment, their relationship to the objects they brought and took, and the social and material dimensions of their participation in Brīvbode. While the guide included some questions on attitudes and motivations, most were designed to elicit accounts of what people actually do – how they choose what to bring, what routes objects take through their households, who does the work of sorting and transporting, and what the process of letting go feels like. Following the principles of practice-theoretical methods, the questions sought to access the practical, embodied, and often taken-for-granted dimensions of household goods circulation: the routines, competencies, and emotional labor involved in managing the flow of things. Where questions touched on values and motivations, these were treated not as explanations for behavior but as part of the meanings participants attach to their practices – an element among materials, competencies, and social arrangements in shaping how circulation is organized and reproduced.

Interviews were conducted via zoom, as this allowed to recruit participants from across the UK. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. As alluded to previously, the interview embraced a semi-structured format which combined a flexible and open-ended style of questioning, following a pre-established topic guide (Rubin and Rubin, 2012). Semi-structured interviews allow for a more conversational style, as well as provide the researcher with an opportunity to ask follow-up questions on emerging topics, or simply clarifying different answers provided. Moreover, the semi-structured nature of the interview enabled the researcher to pose probing questions and, thus, drawing out participants' experiences with swapping practice. The average interview length was 38:35 min. Table 2 provides a summary of interview participants featuring swapping experience level (based on interview) and additional information as background of participants.

The research team defined a set of questions for each type of interviewee following the theoretical framework of the study. The questions were first developed in English and then translated into Spanish by the first author, who is a Spanish native speaker. The interview guide was divided into five sections: (a) background information

The interview protocol was developed to capture the dynamic of the engagement with the practice (i.e. since they begin to engage with swimming or running), their routines, doings, general understandings, and affectivities involved in the actual performance, their goals and projects for the present and the future and how the practice connected to other aspects of their lives. The interview protocol began with grand-tour questions (Spradley, 1979) about the beginning and development of running and swimming throughout their life (e.g. 'How did you start to run?' and 'What was your motivation at the time?'), and routines (e.g. 'Tell me about your daily routine as a swimmer'). After that, it proceeded to mini-tour questions (Spradley, 1979) about affectivities involved in their engagements (e.g. 'How do you feel when you managed to engage frequently with swimming?' and