# Assistant conversation 7F2DQP - Canonical URL: - Resource IRI: - Type: assistant conversation - Mode: quick ## Transcript ### 1. User "What Brīvbode ultimately shows is that circularity is not a loop that closes by itself. It has to be kept moving. This movement depends on a semi-public infrastructure where objects can be detached from household routines, reclassified through sorting and display, and made available for new uses. It also depends on pragmatic judgement: knowing when to insist on norms, when to tolerate imperfect circulation, when to withhold desirable things, when to discard, and when to let contradictory meanings coexist. Keeping things moving is therefore not merely a logistical task but the central moral-material practice of Brīvbode. It is also where the limits of circularity become visible: the work is unevenly distributed, often gendered, dependent on care, and continually exposed to the surplus generated by the very consumption patterns it seeks to soften." let's think about this in the mikael draft context ### 2. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "limit": 5, "query": "mikael draft Brīvbode circularity loop closes kept moving moral-material practice" } ``` ### 3. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #A3X9XX Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations Matching paragraph #MHM9Q5: This does not resolve the tension running through the chapter of Brīvbode functioning simultaneously as a moral circularity infrastructure embodying an alternative value regime of exchange and responsible material life – and as a low threshold overflow channel that absorbs the surplus generated by the consumption patterns it aspires to counter. This tension just reflects the observed dynamic of how sustainable practices are embedded in contemporary life. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation Matching paragraph #EKYQ3W: Following the trajectory of things moving through Brīvbode, I trace the incoming flow of things into Brīvbode, starting with the decisions of divestment in the households of participants. I look at how Brīvbode is positioned among possible routes of divestment, and turn to the site itself to see how its material elements sustain the practice of circulation, as well as how the competencies and norms at play let the swapshop cope with the constant pressure of overflow. 3. Source: Blurring the boundaries: Prosumption, circularity and online sustainable consumption through Freecycle (#59QUM6), Sally Eden, p. 4 Context: #5V87AY Blurring the boundaries: Prosumption, circularity and online sustainable consumption through Freecycle #THE66R Implosion 1: Consumption/production and the rise of prosumption Matching excerpt #7FG779: Hence, digital prosumption offers ways to collectively produce, change and reproduce moral ordering through (culturally mediated) interaction. Commodities are commodified (for purchase), then 'decommodified' (through use and personalisation) and sometimes may be 'recommodified' or 'recontextualised' (for resale) 'through a series of moments, of which exchange for money is just one' (Sayer, 2003, p. 346). In the case of divestment in particular, the implicit linearity and one-way directionality in typical analyses of commodity chains that end with disposal can be reimagined through circularity, with waste being reused, recycled and reinvented as other products, comparable to ideas of 'industrial symbiosis', 'industrial ecology' and 'closing the loop' of manufacturing/disposal (e.g. Jackson, 1996). Thus, in a study of e-waste, Lepawsky and Mather (2011) 'kept finding "value," not "waste"' as things/materialities moved into and out of the category of 'valueless' (p. 247). 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [draft] (#FYG32U), Ieva Lange Context: #3X7JKL The circulation of things and things that sustain it Matching paragraph #QZ8Q4K: The chapter follows the trajectory of things moving through Brīvbode. It begins with the incoming flow: how and in what cases people divest from their households, how meanings shape what arrives, and how Brīvbode is positioned among other possible divestment routes. It turns to the site itself and the material and infrastructural elements that sustain the practice, and how overflow is managed, including competencies of handling norms on the site. From there it turns to the plurality of meanings sustaining acquisition: how participants experience Brīvbode as useful for acquisition and how the non-monetary context shapes the giving and taking. The chapter closes with a consideration of participant orientation towards freecycling as a sustainability practice. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [draft] (#FYG32U), Ieva Lange Context: #3X7JKL The circulation of things and things that sustain it #QS26PQ Conclusion Matching paragraph #GJ3YQT: This does not resolve the tension running through the chapter of Brīvbode functioning simultaneously as a moral circularity infrastructure embodying an alternative value regime of exchange and responsible material life – and as a low threshold overflow channel that absorbs the surplus generated by the consumption patterns it aspires to counter. This tension just reflects the observed dynamic of how sustainable practices are embedded in contemporary life. Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #A3X9XX Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations Score: 0.567 Related paragraph #MHM9Q5: This does not resolve the tension running through the chapter of Brīvbode functioning simultaneously as a moral circularity infrastructure embodying an alternative value regime of exchange and responsible material life – and as a low threshold overflow channel that absorbs the surplus generated by the consumption patterns it aspires to counter. This tension just reflects the observed dynamic of how sustainable practices are embedded in contemporary life. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.548 Related paragraph #5XUPCJ: The material outcome of one practice present in Brīvbode (domestic divestment: things arrive) is a direct resource for another (sequential acquisition: things are taken), sustaining the circularity between different households and the freeshop. Instead of starting at the “shop”, freecycling in Brīvbode can be viewed as starting with the outward flow of things no longer needed or wanted in the household and the question of what to do with them. The practice of managing this flow (what Počinkova et al. (2023) call voluntary disposal) is what brings most givers to Brīvbode. The swapshop offers them an opportunity for circulating materials as well as a way of managing attachment and detachment from things. Brīvbode is one node in the available infrastructure of divestment, and is distinguished from others by what it means to route things through it. 3. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 2 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.552 Related excerpt #VMUPZH: can be operationalised through R-behaviours. We identify other R-behaviours such as rescue and recirculation that are vital to the closing of short reuse loops but are rarely explicitly foregrounded in the literature on circular R-behaviours. Section four describes the ethnographic case study approach that we have employed in this study. It also introduces two community-based freecycling markets as our case studies of a sustainable materialist movement. Section five attends to materialist interventions in the form of shortening material circularity loops via rescue and recirculation. It also addresses the complex material entanglements of short and long circularity loops. Section six critically appraises the socio-spatial-temporal sustainability of sustainable materialist freecycling markets in light of their material constraints and leakages. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [draft] (#FYG32U), Ieva Lange Context: #3X7JKL The circulation of things and things that sustain it #QS26PQ Conclusion Score: 0.567 Related paragraph #GJ3YQT: This does not resolve the tension running through the chapter of Brīvbode functioning simultaneously as a moral circularity infrastructure embodying an alternative value regime of exchange and responsible material life – and as a low threshold overflow channel that absorbs the surplus generated by the consumption patterns it aspires to counter. This tension just reflects the observed dynamic of how sustainable practices are embedded in contemporary life. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [draft] (#FYG32U), Ieva Lange Context: #3X7JKL The circulation of things and things that sustain it #M45HLW Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.548 Related paragraph #GXDTQG: The material outcome of one practice present in Brīvbode (domestic divestment: things arrive) is a direct resource for another (sequential acquisition: things are taken), sustaining the circularity between different households and the freeshop. Instead of starting at the “shop”, freecycling in Brīvbode can be viewed as starting with the outward flow of things no longer needed or wanted in the household and the question of what to do with them. The practice of managing this flow (what Počinkova et al. (2023) call voluntary disposal) is what brings most givers to Brīvbode. The swapshop offers them an opportunity for circulating materials as well as a way of managing attachment and detachment from things. Brīvbode is one node in the available infrastructure of divestment, and is distinguished from others by what it means to route things through it. ### 4. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `get_document` ```json { "id": "4V8VH7" } ``` ### 5. Tool result: get_document THESIS #4V8VH7 Title: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Outline: - 1 #ZF9EYF Introduction - 1.1 #LAR465 Latvian context and research - 1.2 #MUKRGA A note on terms - 1.3 #FVXBEK The structure of the thesis - 2 #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework - 2.1 #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice - 2.2 #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? - 2.3 #HQ4PZX Consumption practices - 2.4 #23NMLX Consumption Work - 2.5 #ULSUAX Conclusion - 3 #LYTS7L Research methodology: A Practice Freecycle - 3.1 #ZXRYYU The site - 3.2 #3CQF69 Setting the scene: A day in Brīvbode - 3.3 #U3GSXB Ethnography of Practice - 3.4 #VMQSHJ Participant observation - 3.5 #GU86TB Interviews - 3.6 #BRBBF9 Data analysis - 3.7 #TGAMBJ Research ethics - 4 #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation - 4.1 #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home - 4.2 #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow - 4.3 #QP7HMF Reading the Room: Norms and Competencies of Circulation - 4.4 #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange - 4.5 #7Z8WUY Letting Go: Attachment Without Price - 4.6 #W2WRDC What People Find Here: Plural Meanings of Acquisition - 4.7 #GTJY22 Quiet or Reflected Sustainability? - 4.8 #A3X9XX Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations - 5 #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode - 5.1 #N8D3HT Time to Give: Volunteers and the Sufficiency Lifestyle - 5.2 #SLFJ9K Priceless Valuation: Sorting, Curation, and Care - 5.3 #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route - 5.4 #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care - 5.5 #75D5UH Conclusion - 6 #M9WQLY CONCLUSION - 7 #FTE3UX SUMMARY - 8 #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES - 9 #TY2EB4 KOKKUVÕTE ### 6. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "9XAKTW", "82G2QE", "M9WQLY" ], "expand": false } ``` ### 7. Tool result: read SECTION #9XAKTW Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation Children: - #PL9BXR paragraph - This chapter examines freecycling as a practice constituted by a physical venue and the materials flowing through it, the meanings that recruit and retain participants, and the co… - #EKYQ3W paragraph - Following the trajectory of things moving through Brīvbode, I trace the incoming flow of things into Brīvbode, starting with the decisions of divestment in the households of parti… - #XYAHKP paragraph - Turning towards the acquisition side, I show how the value and usefulness of Brīvbode is experienced through a plurality of meanings, and how participants negotiate between concep… - #L252MY paragraph - Across the chapter, I sustain the view that the character of Brīvbode as a non-monetary site of exchange is held together less by a single definition than by the moral economy tha… - #2JEZWG section: Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home - #PBFQ5E section: Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow - #QP7HMF section: Reading the Room: Norms and Competencies of Circulation - #PZH45P section: Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange - #7Z8WUY section: Letting Go: Attachment Without Price - #W2WRDC section: What People Find Here: Plural Meanings of Acquisition - #GTJY22 section: Quiet or Reflected Sustainability? - #A3X9XX section: Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations SECTION #82G2QE Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode Children: - #DM28T4 paragraph - Rasa, the principal manager of Brīvbode, compared the swapshop’s operation to the flight of a bumblebee: while seemingly defying the laws of aerodynamics, it nevertheless continue… - #EF5DET paragraph - The chapter is organized by two complementary registers. Consumption work (Wheeler and Glucksmann 2015) names the tasks the practice demands – acquiring, sorting, maintaining, div… - #S6HFAC paragraph - Bankovska’s (2020) ethnography of the Latvian organic food movement bridges the two: drawing on Graeber (2018: 156), she observes that care is not always a joyful act but often in… - #N8D3HT section: Time to Give: Volunteers and the Sufficiency Lifestyle - #SLFJ9K section: Priceless Valuation: Sorting, Curation, and Care - #EBTHSE section: Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route - #L38KUE section: It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care - #75D5UH section: Conclusion SECTION #M9WQLY Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #M9WQLY CONCLUSION Children: - #JE7FK2 paragraph - This thesis is an ethnographic study of a swapshop to investigate how these spaces foster alternative consumption practices that possibly sustain alternative logics of value and o… - #U2PZ9C paragraph - Brīvbode operates within the conditions of overproduction, where the circulation of goods is shaped as much by excess as by need. While it enables reuse and access, it also absorb… - #FE5BCM paragraph - Participation in Brīvbode is a form of consumption work, and understanding it as such reveals both what the swapshop enables and what it demands. Consumption work in the context o… - #GUXEZX paragraph - While alternative, they simultaneously overlap with some of the meanings present in capitalist consumption –... Brīvbode is at once an answer to a household problem and an arena w… - #JM9L6Y paragraph - improvised solution that does not presuppose a lot of resources… except sufficiency lifestyle? - #NNZ5SG paragraph - THE TENSION BETWEEN HABIT (practice) AND INTENTION (trying to change?) Is practice unreflexive? Also work can be unreflexive… People are reflecting all the time, but what keeps th… - #PEFVAC paragraph - Results, relevance, contribution - #HMDEDU paragraph - Brīvbode's moral economy is negotiated, situational practice where the meaning of "right circulation" is worked out in real time rather than determined in advance. - #9DTFUU paragraph - Further research might –– move into constitution of need… (Shove and Rinkinen) In line with Warde (2005). Circular consumption is one thing, but does it matter how you get things … ### 8. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "A3X9XX" ], "expand": true } ``` #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "75D5UH" ], "expand": true } ``` #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "M9WQLY" ], "expand": true } ``` #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "L252MY", "DM28T4", "EF5DET" ], "expand": false } ``` ### 9. Tool result: read THESIS #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #A3X9XX Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations PARAGRAPH #M3VCHH Freecycling in Brīvbode is sustained by a plurality of meanings that are compatible enough to coexist within the same space. Givers come to resolve the moral weight of unwanted things, the site’s permanence and visibility offer a trusted route for it. Takers come for dignity, experimentation, craft materials, social contact or simple convenience. The moral economy of exchange holds these heterogenous orientations together, as it is actively maintained against the pressure of resellers, heavy takers and people looking for charity, yet flexible enough to accommodate them when the alternative is overflow. PARAGRAPH #4V448P Sustainability can be an outcome without it being a requirement and a conscious orientation for practitioners. The practice recruits and retains carriers through meanings that also have little to do with environmental concern and yet the circulation it enables has sustainable dimensions that persist regardless of how participants frame their involvement. PARAGRAPH #MHM9Q5 This does not resolve the tension running through the chapter of Brīvbode functioning simultaneously as a moral circularity infrastructure embodying an alternative value regime of exchange and responsible material life – and as a low threshold overflow channel that absorbs the surplus generated by the consumption patterns it aspires to counter. This tension just reflects the observed dynamic of how sustainable practices are embedded in contemporary life. ### 10. Tool result: read THESIS #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #75D5UH Conclusion PARAGRAPH #5YXGE6 This chapter has examined the labour that sustains freecycling in Brīvbode, finding it distributed across structural, ethical, and gendered dimensions that existing circular economy frameworks tend to overlook. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. The feminist ethics of care and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), together with Bankovska’s (2020) care not-work and Graeber’s (2018) account of work as what just needs to be done, name the orientation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller (1998) names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others’ generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. PARAGRAPH #HM56MD Circular consumption requires substantial labour, and that labour is unevenly distributed. Sustainability of initiatives like Brīvbode depends on a structural condition – the sufficiency-oriented, time-rich, predominantly female volunteer and participant base that circular economy policy rarely names or supports (Hobson et al., 2021). Some of this labour is unreflexive and habituated – Aiga's inner feeling that prevents easy disposal, Marija's building logistics naturalised into her social role. Some is deliberate and effortful – Kristīne's category-by-category method, Madara working on her impulse-acquiring. Both are labour, but they are differently visible, and the unreflexive forms are the hardest to see and the hardest for policy to reach. PARAGRAPH #RX9JDU What Brīvbode reveals — and what makes it analytically valuable for circular economy debates — is that the absence of price does not produce a frictionless flow of materials. It produces a different kind of work: gendered, ethically motivated, absorbed into household routines, and sustained by people who have organised their lives to be able to do it. Recognising this work as both consumption work and care work is the first step toward circular economy policy that can see it, support it, and not depend on its invisibility. ### 11. Tool result: read THESIS #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #M9WQLY CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH #JE7FK2 This thesis is an ethnographic study of a swapshop to investigate how these spaces foster alternative consumption practices that possibly sustain alternative logics of value and ownership. This thesis is a contribution to the studies of circular consumption using ethnographic methods with practice theory approach. PARAGRAPH #U2PZ9C Brīvbode operates within the conditions of overproduction, where the circulation of goods is shaped as much by excess as by need. While it enables reuse and access, it also absorbs the material overflow generated elsewhere. The labor of managing excess – the sorting, the deciding, the transporting, the emotional work of letting go – falls unevenly on people, is often invisible, and that becomes especially evident in circular economy contexts where more participation is needed. While some consumption work is alleviated in Brīvbode, it is replaced by other types. PARAGRAPH #FE5BCM Participation in Brīvbode is a form of consumption work, and understanding it as such reveals both what the swapshop enables and what it demands. Consumption work in the context of the swapshop: the effort of finding, sorting, or repurposing items, as well as the broader social practices around bringing and taking items from Brīvbode – decluttering, home organising, dealing with the needs of family members. PARAGRAPH #GUXEZX While alternative, they simultaneously overlap with some of the meanings present in capitalist consumption –... Brīvbode is at once an answer to a household problem and an arena where people work out possibly alternative relations to things. PARAGRAPH #JM9L6Y improvised solution that does not presuppose a lot of resources… except sufficiency lifestyle? PARAGRAPH #NNZ5SG THE TENSION BETWEEN HABIT (practice) AND INTENTION (trying to change?) Is practice unreflexive? Also work can be unreflexive… People are reflecting all the time, but what keeps them in the practice? The stickiness of it… PARAGRAPH #PEFVAC Results, relevance, contribution PARAGRAPH #HMDEDU Brīvbode's moral economy is negotiated, situational practice where the meaning of "right circulation" is worked out in real time rather than determined in advance. PARAGRAPH #9DTFUU Further research might –– move into constitution of need… (Shove and Rinkinen) In line with Warde (2005). Circular consumption is one thing, but does it matter how you get things if it’s still an overflow? ### 12. Tool result: read THESIS PARAGRAPH #L252MY Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #L252MY paragraph Across the chapter, I sustain the view that the character of Brīvbode as a non-monetary site of exchange is held together less by a single definition than by the moral economy that allows incompatible orientations to coexist. THESIS PARAGRAPH #DM28T4 Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #DM28T4 paragraph Rasa, the principal manager of Brīvbode, compared the swapshop’s operation to the flight of a bumblebee: while seemingly defying the laws of aerodynamics, it nevertheless continues to fly. This chapter examines the work that keeps Brīvbode running. Where the previous chapter examined freecycling as a practice – its venues, materials, meanings, and competencies, and the moral economy through which they cohere – this chapter turns to what that practice costs and to the people who pay it: in time, skill, and effort, and in the relational and ethical attention that the tasks of circulation demand. That labour is largely unpaid, unevenly distributed, and absorbed into existing practices of household management. THESIS PARAGRAPH #EF5DET Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EF5DET paragraph The chapter is organized by two complementary registers. Consumption work (Wheeler and Glucksmann 2015) names the tasks the practice demands – acquiring, sorting, maintaining, divesting, transporting – and tracks how they are distributed across technical, modal, and processual dimensions of the division of labour. Care work, in the feminist tradition and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), names the relational and ethical orientation through which participants take this labour on, often without recognising it as work at all. ### 13. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 5, "query": "withhold desirable things Rasa volunteers take home sell discard sorting display" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 8, "query": "discard norms tolerate overflow heavy takers resellers charity" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 5, "query": "sorting display reclassified made available new uses" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 5, "query": "gendered care women household sorting routing invisible labour" } ``` ### 14. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #SLFJ9K Priceless Valuation: Sorting, Curation, and Care Matching paragraph #7X9BV4: Curation extends valuation work beyond sorting into knowing and managing people’s needs. Rasa describes it as having “a filter.” She sometimes holds specific items for specific regular visitors based on accumulated knowledge about their life circumstances: a particular colour of top for a visually impaired visitor, a wedding gift set aside for a regular who recently moved from homelessness into social housing. This is care work and consumption work simultaneously — the kind of matching labour that in retail is performed automatically through pricing, display, and inventory systems, but here depends on Rasa’s relational knowledge of specific people, which cannot be systematised or delegated, and which makes Brīvbode function as something more than a drop-off point. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Matching paragraph #3USBHB: During another shift, Rasa offered me a handmade black ceramic plate someone had brought that day. I was glad to take it, but before my departure confusion arose about where it had gone. It turned out, more stuff had piled up on top of it on the sorting table as visitors kept coming with their divestment. Rasa laughed: “This is how it is here.” As a material site, Brīvbode is an active flow that requires tending and occasionally swallows its own offerings. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #QP7HMF Reading the Room: Norms and Competencies of Circulation Matching paragraph #76T3WR: The competencies that sustain freecycling in Brīvbode are largely social and evaluative rather than technical, and none of them require formal training — but each is acquired through repeated participation and is unevenly distributed across practitioners. Material literacy — recognising wool from synthetic fibres, identifying well-made construction, spotting a hidden stain — is foundational, and volunteers develop it most acutely through handling what arrives. Rasa, in the recollection of one student researcher who spent time in the shop, has "the most trained eye for the quality of things" [visuztrenētākā acs uz mantu kvalitāti]; her own acquisition criteria turn on fibre type and durability, preferring what is "more nature-friendly, ecological, and long-lasting." Visitors develop a more limited version of the same competency. Laura describes herself as a careful second-hand user who checks everything thoroughly, though she admits she has still occasionally taken home items that turned out to be broken on closer inspection. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Matching paragraph #AB93FC: Moving home, renovation, seasonal clearing, and sorting through a deceased relative’s belongings generate larger pulses of divestment. Participants described sorting through an entire previous owner’s life when buying a flat, routing things to Brīvbode and to friends when downsizing, helping relatives to divest after moving home. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange Matching paragraph #7FPBUS: The imperative to keep things flowing to avoid overflow creates a certain tolerance in case of suspicion for such practices that formally fall outside Brīvbode’s rules. Reselling is not allowed, yet resellers are a suspected presence in Brīvbode. Volunteers mentioned situations when other visitors in Brīvbode have told them they have recognized their divested items at the Āgenskalns flea market the following weekend, which Rasa acknowledges as straightforwardly unpleasant. Yet because it is not always possible to prove, there is also a working accommodation, and Rasa’s position is one of pragmatic acceptance: “At the same time it seems – if he'll find the next user for the thing anyway, the function is fulfilled. Better they make a little money and the thing finds its person, than some hoarder takes it and the things end up in a container." She laughs: "Well, what choice do I have but to believe… We support small businesses." Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Score: 0.539 Related paragraph #3USBHB: During another shift, Rasa offered me a handmade black ceramic plate someone had brought that day. I was glad to take it, but before my departure confusion arose about where it had gone. It turned out, more stuff had piled up on top of it on the sorting table as visitors kept coming with their divestment. Rasa laughed: “This is how it is here.” As a material site, Brīvbode is an active flow that requires tending and occasionally swallows its own offerings. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #SLFJ9K Priceless Valuation: Sorting, Curation, and Care Score: 0.531 Related paragraph #4EZCAK: Divestment, too, is shaped by valuation. When an item retains monetary value, participants take on the labour of online selling — photographing, writing descriptions, communicating with buyers, arranging meetings. As one participant noted: “you have to pull yourself together, photograph it and put it somewhere.” Brīvbode lowers this work considerably: it is a known, walkable destination that absorbs some of the divestment labour through volunteers and releases participants from finding a buyer or judging a recipient. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.529 Related paragraph #HN8W7V: Fieldwork observations reveal different versions and scales of what counts as usable and worthy: I recall a collection of single-use sugar packages; a bundle of expired covid tests (I spent time unpacking the alcohol wipes and watched a woman take them); carefully washed plastic containers that were taken to the recycling bin after all (although the sour cream containers are useful in spring for growing plantings). A regular visitor brought coloured wire offcuts generated by her husband’s wireworking practice – she imagined someone who makes art or does craft work with children could be taking them, as they were never on the shelf anymore the next time she visited. Her husband generates surplus, she routes it to Brīvbode through her domestic management, an unknown hypothetical third person absorbs it into their own. The trajectory is sustained by an imagined right-owner who may not exist, and the volunteers did not have the heart to tell her the bags of small plastic pieces were not used that way. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.526 Related paragraph #5GWZER: Yet unpredictability of supply works both ways – e.g. the same giver who took extra effort to send Brīvbode a parcel with stained old plates that raised volunteer questions about the balance of invested energy for handling it, divested a bag full of colourful folk-style knitted mittens another time – laid out on the table, those attracted many visitors’ attention with shared beauty. This uncertainty of supply is itself part of what sustains participant engagement with the practice through meanings of “serendipity” and magic moments of unexpected “good catch”. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.522 Related paragraph #AB93FC: Moving home, renovation, seasonal clearing, and sorting through a deceased relative’s belongings generate larger pulses of divestment. Participants described sorting through an entire previous owner’s life when buying a flat, routing things to Brīvbode and to friends when downsizing, helping relatives to divest after moving home. ### 15. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #A3X9XX Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations Matching paragraph #M3VCHH: Freecycling in Brīvbode is sustained by a plurality of meanings that are compatible enough to coexist within the same space. Givers come to resolve the moral weight of unwanted things, the site’s permanence and visibility offer a trusted route for it. Takers come for dignity, experimentation, craft materials, social contact or simple convenience. The moral economy of exchange holds these heterogenous orientations together, as it is actively maintained against the pressure of resellers, heavy takers and people looking for charity, yet flexible enough to accommodate them when the alternative is overflow. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange Matching paragraph #QU37KZ: Practices have normative meanings – understandings upheld about what correct participation looks like, what the practice is for, and who belongs in it. In Brīvbode, normative work is done by organisers to uphold the meaning of the freecycling as an exchange as opposed to a charity. This framing is a normative aspiration – a claim about who belongs and on what terms, actively maintained against pressure from resellers and heavy-takers. The normative aspiration is held together by a moral vocabulary of equality and reciprocity – the norm that participants bring something or at least contribute in kind or offer their help at the shop is part of what defines active participation in the practice rather than use of a service. This positioning work is felt as particularly needed by organisers also because Brīvbode is located in the neighbourhood of Gaiziņš night shelter. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange Matching paragraph #ERMRTL: Viesturs frames this ecologically: "Well, I could see them now as forest sanitarians." Without moral approval, the resellers, the hoarders and heavy-takers are reframed as functional elements as they clear out the accumulation of materials that would otherwise clog the space. Viesturs response to this is tactical curatorial competency: if a person he suspects is present at the shop, he often doesn’t put new items out on the shelves until they leave. This is his practical judgement and competency to “read the room” enacted situationally. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation Matching paragraph #EKYQ3W: Following the trajectory of things moving through Brīvbode, I trace the incoming flow of things into Brīvbode, starting with the decisions of divestment in the households of participants. I look at how Brīvbode is positioned among possible routes of divestment, and turn to the site itself to see how its material elements sustain the practice of circulation, as well as how the competencies and norms at play let the swapshop cope with the constant pressure of overflow. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange Matching paragraph #7FPBUS: The imperative to keep things flowing to avoid overflow creates a certain tolerance in case of suspicion for such practices that formally fall outside Brīvbode’s rules. Reselling is not allowed, yet resellers are a suspected presence in Brīvbode. Volunteers mentioned situations when other visitors in Brīvbode have told them they have recognized their divested items at the Āgenskalns flea market the following weekend, which Rasa acknowledges as straightforwardly unpleasant. Yet because it is not always possible to prove, there is also a working accommodation, and Rasa’s position is one of pragmatic acceptance: “At the same time it seems – if he'll find the next user for the thing anyway, the function is fulfilled. Better they make a little money and the thing finds its person, than some hoarder takes it and the things end up in a container." She laughs: "Well, what choice do I have but to believe… We support small businesses." 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #7Z8WUY Letting Go: Attachment Without Price Matching paragraph #5NWUSK: Elīna describes feeling a sense of responsibility toward everything she acquires – whether bought secondhand, taken from a swap event, or found in Brīvbode. Once something has come to her, she feels obligated to find it a good next home rather than simply discard it: "If this has come to me, then this material... energy and work and transport went into producing it, and I can't just throw it away. I feel I have a duty to figure out how to pass it on to hands where it will be useful." She adds, however, that this sense of responsibility sometimes feels like too heavy a burden to carry. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Matching paragraph #WW8YUW: Within the material realm, Brīvbode is also embedded in and dependent upon broader infrastructural arrangements in order to manage the overflow it cannot absorb. The swapshop passes leftover textiles – in some estimates up to 30 % of the received flow (Akule et al. 2023) – to textile collection containers. The shop would not be viable if it had to cover the costs of regular unsorted waste collection. Also, off-season clothing such as winter coats that take a lot of space are stored in collaboration with charity organisations that have access to larger storage premises. Brīvbode can sustain – in a pragmatic, improvised manner – because of this material entanglement instead of trying to resolve the full material cycle on its own. 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Matching paragraph #SFAYYS: The things are made visible by being put in the shop. It makes the material overflow more visible – there is no “away” to throw your things. Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange Score: 0.485 Related paragraph #7FPBUS: The imperative to keep things flowing to avoid overflow creates a certain tolerance in case of suspicion for such practices that formally fall outside Brīvbode’s rules. Reselling is not allowed, yet resellers are a suspected presence in Brīvbode. Volunteers mentioned situations when other visitors in Brīvbode have told them they have recognized their divested items at the Āgenskalns flea market the following weekend, which Rasa acknowledges as straightforwardly unpleasant. Yet because it is not always possible to prove, there is also a working accommodation, and Rasa’s position is one of pragmatic acceptance: “At the same time it seems – if he'll find the next user for the thing anyway, the function is fulfilled. Better they make a little money and the thing finds its person, than some hoarder takes it and the things end up in a container." She laughs: "Well, what choice do I have but to believe… We support small businesses." 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Score: 0.45 Related paragraph #2TPNCM: The physical experience of overflow is a constant of volunteering, and bags often arrive faster than they can be processed. Often my task during shifts was to sort and put out children’s items. The boxes were already full, with piles forming, when I asked Rasa: 'Don't you feel like the things are just pouring down on you?' 'Yes, that's why I no longer have any tolerance for things. I realise I feel relief that these clothes are dirty, because there simply isn't any more space." 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #A3X9XX Conclusion: Holding Together Incompatible Orientations Score: 0.4 Related paragraph #M3VCHH: Freecycling in Brīvbode is sustained by a plurality of meanings that are compatible enough to coexist within the same space. Givers come to resolve the moral weight of unwanted things, the site’s permanence and visibility offer a trusted route for it. Takers come for dignity, experimentation, craft materials, social contact or simple convenience. The moral economy of exchange holds these heterogenous orientations together, as it is actively maintained against the pressure of resellers, heavy takers and people looking for charity, yet flexible enough to accommodate them when the alternative is overflow. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #LAR465 Latvian context and research Score: 0.392 Related paragraph #NQNRFE: At the same time, practices of leaving items in semi-public spaces – such as stairwells or next to waste containers – continue to operate as low-threshold forms of divestment, blurring the boundary between disposal and reuse. Second-hand retail chains remain a strong presence and provide access to low-cost goods that at times (e.g. special clearance days) approach free consumption. Other hybrid models combine elements of exchange and redistribution, such as the waste management company’s CleanR exchange point “Nomales” or the national reuse platform platform lietovelreiz.lv. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #QP7HMF Reading the Room: Norms and Competencies of Circulation Score: 0.379 Related paragraph #7CR75E: A stronger boundary emerges in relation to certain categories of items, such as medicine. In one instance, a regular visitor brought various medications, explaining their uses to the day manager. While the items were initially placed on the table for taking, a while later another worker quietly removed them, remarking to me, “I don’t think I support this.” The removal was not communicated directly to the donor, suggesting a reluctance to enforce the norm explicitly. Instead of a formal refusal, workers might suggest that perhaps the giver has not noticed the defects, but items could be washed and brought back or simply delay decisions until the giver is no longer present. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.371 Related paragraph #4G43HR: The same logic that makes divestment easy also can make Brīvbode available as a pressure valve. Fast fashion sometimes arrives with tags still attached; one participant brought clothing she had purchased online – after it did not fit she arranged a return, and was told by the company to donate it rather than send it back – the retailer in this case is routing their surplus to volunteers to manage. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #LAR465 Latvian context and research Score: 0.367 Related paragraph #Y38N9B: Historically, second-hand in Latvia has been more commonly associated with acquisition rather than divestment. The colloquial term humpalas – derived from humānā palīdzība (humanitarian aid) – reflects the history of donated clothing arriving from abroad, particularly in the post-socialist period. In this context, second-hand goods were framed as assistance in times when access to consumer goods was limited rather than as part of a reciprocal or circular system, and organised opportunities for individuals to pass on their own items in organised ways were typically confined to informal exchanges or charitable donations. 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PZH45P Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange Score: 0.366 Related paragraph #QU37KZ: Practices have normative meanings – understandings upheld about what correct participation looks like, what the practice is for, and who belongs in it. In Brīvbode, normative work is done by organisers to uphold the meaning of the freecycling as an exchange as opposed to a charity. This framing is a normative aspiration – a claim about who belongs and on what terms, actively maintained against pressure from resellers and heavy-takers. The normative aspiration is held together by a moral vocabulary of equality and reciprocity – the norm that participants bring something or at least contribute in kind or offer their help at the shop is part of what defines active participation in the practice rather than use of a service. This positioning work is felt as particularly needed by organisers also because Brīvbode is located in the neighbourhood of Gaiziņš night shelter. ### 16. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #SLFJ9K Priceless Valuation: Sorting, Curation, and Care Matching paragraph #7X9BV4: Curation extends valuation work beyond sorting into knowing and managing people’s needs. Rasa describes it as having “a filter.” She sometimes holds specific items for specific regular visitors based on accumulated knowledge about their life circumstances: a particular colour of top for a visually impaired visitor, a wedding gift set aside for a regular who recently moved from homelessness into social housing. This is care work and consumption work simultaneously — the kind of matching labour that in retail is performed automatically through pricing, display, and inventory systems, but here depends on Rasa’s relational knowledge of specific people, which cannot be systematised or delegated, and which makes Brīvbode function as something more than a drop-off point. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #LYTS7L Research methodology: A Practice Freecycle #3CQF69 Setting the scene: A day in Brīvbode Matching paragraph #K25HLD: In the morning, before arriving to Brīvbode, I go through the box of items I have set aside since my last visit and spend half hour sorting through the little storage room in my apartment – a space that has, over the years, become a repository for things I would rather not think about. Children’s clothes kept after they no longer fit, always at risk of new moth damage; a backpack brought as a souvenir by my mother that no one has ever used; a pregnancy seatbelt adapter that did not quite fit. Somehow getting rid of things also involves decisions about the future. There is the skirt I got secondhand online – it did not fit but is made of silk. Is it time to give it away or should I hold on to it for an unspecified creative project? For now, it sits together with other things acquired or given with good intentions and quietly set aside. Getting rid of them feels necessary in order to begin again and regain a sense of control over my environment. But are these trousers washed and good enough to pass on to someone? Would anyone need a strong plastic bag? Should I risk taking away some toys while the children are not looking? 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #9M9D7K: Horton, K. (2020) 'Just use what you have: Ethical fashion discourse and the feminisation of responsibility', in Parkins, I. and Dever, M. (eds.) Fashion: New feminist essays. Routledge, pp. 109–123. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003010418 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Matching paragraph #XKELL5: Consumption and divestment practices are changing, shaped by new infrastructure and policy developments – Latvia introduced mandatory textile collection in 2023, and new secondhand platforms are expanding the routes available for sequential flows of household goods. A study of Brīvbode contributes to understanding this changing practice landscape by offering an empirical account of one specific site where divestment, acquisition, and non-monetary exchange come together, at a particular moment in the development of circular consumption practices in Latvia. Freecycling, as viewed in this thesis, is a practice that contains elements that are widely shared and common but are placed and enacted in a new context of non-monetary exchange in a non-domestic site. Thus I argue that Brīvbode offers to practitioners somehow familiar, yet new ways of relating to objects and people (Holmes, 2018). 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Matching paragraph #AB93FC: Moving home, renovation, seasonal clearing, and sorting through a deceased relative’s belongings generate larger pulses of divestment. Participants described sorting through an entire previous owner’s life when buying a flat, routing things to Brīvbode and to friends when downsizing, helping relatives to divest after moving home. Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #LAR465 Latvian context and research Score: 0.427 Related paragraph #NQNRFE: At the same time, practices of leaving items in semi-public spaces – such as stairwells or next to waste containers – continue to operate as low-threshold forms of divestment, blurring the boundary between disposal and reuse. Second-hand retail chains remain a strong presence and provide access to low-cost goods that at times (e.g. special clearance days) approach free consumption. Other hybrid models combine elements of exchange and redistribution, such as the waste management company’s CleanR exchange point “Nomales” or the national reuse platform platform lietovelreiz.lv. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #LAR465 Latvian context and research Score: 0.401 Related paragraph #SRVVZ4: A shift began with the emergence of more structured divestment infrastructures, such as the opening of the first Otrā Elpa charity shop in Riga in 2009. These initiatives introduced new channels for divestment, and gradually moved second-hand consumption from a one-directional flow of aid toward a more participatory system of reuse. Data indicates that second-hand acquisition remains a significant part of the textile market in the Baltic States: a 2023 representative survey found that 55% of Latvian participants currently buy second-hand clothing (Akule et al., 2023), and in 2018 second-hand accounted for around 40% of textile consumption in Latvia (Watson et al., 2020). 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Score: 0.39 Related paragraph #XKELL5: Consumption and divestment practices are changing, shaped by new infrastructure and policy developments – Latvia introduced mandatory textile collection in 2023, and new secondhand platforms are expanding the routes available for sequential flows of household goods. A study of Brīvbode contributes to understanding this changing practice landscape by offering an empirical account of one specific site where divestment, acquisition, and non-monetary exchange come together, at a particular moment in the development of circular consumption practices in Latvia. Freecycling, as viewed in this thesis, is a practice that contains elements that are widely shared and common but are placed and enacted in a new context of non-monetary exchange in a non-domestic site. Thus I argue that Brīvbode offers to practitioners somehow familiar, yet new ways of relating to objects and people (Holmes, 2018). 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #LAR465 Latvian context and research Score: 0.385 Related paragraph #7LMSFU: In recent years, a range of initiatives for circulation and reuse of everyday goods have emerged in Latvia, indicating a growing and also increasingly institutionalised diversification of non-market and low-cost access practices. [Different modes – institutional, informal initiatives – that are also based on different types of work?] [Andele Mandele and Vinted – growing second hand sector.] Access to infrastructure not distributed evenly (Akule et al. 2013). 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #LAR465 Latvian context and research Score: 0.384 Related paragraph #BHE8T3: In recent years the landscape has diversified further, with online groups, neighbourhood swapping events, book and plant exchange shelves, digital resale platforms, and informal stall-based initiatives all forming part of a dispersed network of everyday circulation practices. ### 17. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #75D5UH Conclusion Matching paragraph #5YXGE6: This chapter has examined the labour that sustains freecycling in Brīvbode, finding it distributed across structural, ethical, and gendered dimensions that existing circular economy frameworks tend to overlook. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. The feminist ethics of care and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), together with Bankovska’s (2020) care not-work and Graeber’s (2018) account of work as what just needs to be done, name the orientation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller (1998) names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others’ generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Matching paragraph #PNGSGT: Miller's (1998) research on shopping demonstrates that consumption is often organised around care for others rather than individual satisfaction, and that women frequently function as moral agents in household consumption as they are the ones acquiring, managing, and disposing of goods in relation to the needs of children, partners, and wider social networks. Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) find the same gendered pattern in recycling: women typically take responsibility for sorting while men handle transport. The fieldwork conducted for this thesis reflects this consistently. Anna states it directly: "It's on me. I'm the one who supplies everyone with clothes and shoes." Silvija organises all divestment decisions in her household and says her husband "would just throw it in the bin." Men's role, where it appears, is typically transport and carrying the bags that women have sorted, selected, and prepared. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Matching paragraph #SZVP2G: What neither sufficiency nor valuation quite revealed, the processual dimension makes visible: the labour of Brīvbode is gendered not only structurally but ethically — women carry it because they have always carried care, and the consumption-work skills it requires are inseparable from the care dispositions through which they are taken on. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Matching paragraph #HWS5KX: [Second hand source that I should check] (Lindsay et al. 2024) Lindsay et al. (2024) and Organo et al. (2013) find that women consistently spend more time on sustainable household practices than men, and that “sustainability labour” tends to be more absorbed into existing patterns of gendered domestic work rather than redistributed.] 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Matching paragraph #2RA8WL: The thesis also attends to the gendered distribution of this work. Ethnographic research has demonstrated that consumption is often organised around care for others, and that women often function as moral agents in household consumption, regulating what goes in and out of households (Miller, 1998, Reno, 2016). Shopping and consumption practices can be seen as acts of care, where people choose items with loved ones in mind, reflecting their role in family and social networks. Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #75D5UH Conclusion Score: 0.648 Related paragraph #5YXGE6: This chapter has examined the labour that sustains freecycling in Brīvbode, finding it distributed across structural, ethical, and gendered dimensions that existing circular economy frameworks tend to overlook. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. The feminist ethics of care and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), together with Bankovska’s (2020) care not-work and Graeber’s (2018) account of work as what just needs to be done, name the orientation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller (1998) names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others’ generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Score: 0.631 Related paragraph #SZVP2G: What neither sufficiency nor valuation quite revealed, the processual dimension makes visible: the labour of Brīvbode is gendered not only structurally but ethically — women carry it because they have always carried care, and the consumption-work skills it requires are inseparable from the care dispositions through which they are taken on. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route Score: 0.621 Related paragraph #EW2HC4: Along this chain, unpaid volunteering, household management, neighbourly help, care work, and informal exchange come together in ways that blur distinctions between market and non-market activity and make the labour difficult to recognise as work at all, even though the system depends on it. This is precisely the kind of community-based care that, as Mesiranta et al. (2025) argue, marketised arrangements cannot perform: sequential reuse depends not on material availability alone but on what Hobson (2020) calls social circularities — the relational labour that keeps things moving between people. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #QP7HMF Reading the Room: Norms and Competencies of Circulation Score: 0.61 Related paragraph #BCDC5C: The gendered asymmetry extends to the competencies required to manage the space. Viesturs described his initial challenge of developing a workable system for sorting women’s clothing after he started volunteering: "Well, f*ck, look, where do I put it. Trying to systematize women’s clothing, it’s like a tree with many branches." The competence of sorting – especially women’s clothing as in this case – is not self-evident as the proliferation of categories resists simple organisation and has to be worked out through practice. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Score: 0.6 Related paragraph #PNGSGT: Miller's (1998) research on shopping demonstrates that consumption is often organised around care for others rather than individual satisfaction, and that women frequently function as moral agents in household consumption as they are the ones acquiring, managing, and disposing of goods in relation to the needs of children, partners, and wider social networks. Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) find the same gendered pattern in recycling: women typically take responsibility for sorting while men handle transport. The fieldwork conducted for this thesis reflects this consistently. Anna states it directly: "It's on me. I'm the one who supplies everyone with clothes and shoes." Silvija organises all divestment decisions in her household and says her husband "would just throw it in the bin." Men's role, where it appears, is typically transport and carrying the bags that women have sorted, selected, and prepared. ### 18. Assistant Yes — in the **MIKAEL draft context**, this paragraph is basically the *thesis-level synthesis* you’ve been circling around. It joins Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 very well: - Chapter 4: **how circulation is made possible** — venue, flow, sorting, norms, moral economy, tolerating contradictions (#9XAKTW, #L252MY, #M3VCHH). - Chapter 5: **what circulation costs and who carries that cost** — labour, care, gendered responsibility, invisible work (#DM28T4, #EF5DET, #5YXGE6, #RX9JDU). - Final conclusion: **what this means for circularity as an anthropological/circular economy concept** — circularity is not an automatic loop but an ongoing, situated accomplishment. I think this paragraph belongs either **near the beginning of the final conclusion**, after you restate the research aim, or **as the core final analytical paragraph** replacing the current fragment cluster around #U2PZ9C, #FE5BCM, #GUXEZX, #HMDEDU. The strongest conceptual move is this: > circularity is not a loop that closes by itself. It has to be kept moving. That sentence is excellent because it converts “Keeping Things Moving” from a chapter title into the thesis argument. It also answers the “so what?”: Brīvbode shows circularity as **practice**, not as system diagram. I would slightly adapt it to fit the draft’s existing vocabulary: “moral economy,” “consumption work,” “care work,” “overflow,” “non-domestic site,” and “incompatible orientations.” Maybe avoid introducing “moral-material practice” unless you want to define it, because the thesis already has strong terms doing that work. A MIKAEL-compatible version could be: > What Brīvbode ultimately shows is that circularity is not a loop that closes by itself. It has to be kept moving. This movement depends on a non-domestic, semi-public infrastructure where objects can be detached from household routines, made visible, sorted, reclassified, and offered for new uses. It also depends on situated judgement: knowing when to insist on the norms of exchange, when to tolerate imperfect circulation, when to hold back desirable things, when to remove or redirect unsuitable items, and when to let contradictory meanings coexist. Keeping things moving is therefore not only a logistical task but the central practice through which Brīvbode’s moral economy is maintained. At the same time, this is where the limits of circularity become visible. The work of circulation is unevenly distributed, often gendered, dependent on care, and continually exposed to the surplus generated by the very consumption patterns it seeks to soften. This version links directly to: - Brīvbode as an infrastructure/node of divestment and acquisition (#5XUPCJ, #EKYQ3W) - incompatible orientations held together through moral economy (#L252MY, #M3VCHH) - pragmatic tolerance of resellers/heavy takers when overflow is the alternative (#7FPBUS, #ERMRTL) - removal/redirecting of unsuitable items and textile overflow (#7CR75E, #WW8YUW) - Chapter 5’s argument that this is unpaid, gendered consumption/care work (#5YXGE6, #HM56MD, #RX9JDU) One small caution: the phrase **“when to discard”** may sound too final/bin-like. In the Brīvbode argument, it is often more precise to say **“remove or redirect unsuitable items”**, because the thesis shows discarding, textile containers, storage elsewhere, and quiet refusal as part of the same pragmatic management of flow (#WW8YUW, #7CR75E). So: yes, this paragraph is doing the right work. It should become the **spine of the final conclusion**, probably placed after #JE7FK2 and used to reorganise the current fragments into a clearer contribution: Brīvbode reveals circularity as *maintained movement*, sustained by moral economy, consumption work, and care under conditions of overflow. ### 19. User what literature do we have on circular economy? ### 20. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `list_documents` ```json {} ``` ### 21. Tool result: list_documents - #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] - 2026 | Ieva Lange - #FYG32U Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [draft] - 2026 | Ieva Lange Journal articles (91) - #QUD55H 'Saving' the city: Collective low-budget organising and urban practice - 2015 | Birke Otto, Hans Vollmer, Heike Derwanz, Paula Bialski | ephemera: theory & politics in organization | 20 pp. - #K52UPR A Critical Review of the Role of Repair Cafés in a Sustainable Circular Transition - 2021 | Mette Alberg Mosgaard, Rikke Marie Moalem | Sustainability | 26 pp. | doi:10.3390/su132212351 - #4EFC4F After Practice? Material Semiotic Approaches to Consumption and Economy [cited] - 2020 | David M. Evans | Cultural Sociology | 17 pp. | doi:10.1177/1749975520923521 - #9D34UM After taste: Culture, consumption and theories of practice - 2014 | Alan Warde | Journal of Consumer Culture | 25 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540514547828 - #5Y2AD9 An order of distinction (or, how to tell a collection from a hoard) - 2018 | Katie Kilroy-Marac | Journal of Material Culture | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/1359183517729428 - #FQRNAE Austerity and everyday life: Perspectives on practices of consumption and thrift - 2019 | Alison Hulme | Journal of Consumer Culture | 7 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540519872079 - #9MNC8T Austerity Ireland, the New Thrift Culture and Sustainable Consumption - 2017 | Fiona Murphy | Journal of Business Anthropology | 17 pp. | doi:10.22439/jba.v6i2.5410 - #59QUM6 Blurring the boundaries: Prosumption, circularity and online sustainable consumption through Freecycle [cited] - 2017 | Sally Eden | Journal of Consumer Culture | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540515586871 - #X8QHRR Calculating the Environmental Impact Reduction Due to Extended Lifespan of Clothing Through Clothing Swaps - 2025 | Agnė Jučienė, Inga Gurauskienė, Jolita Kruopienė | Sustainability | 22 pp. | doi:10.3390/su17104411 - #AVNZLE Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing [cited] - 2025 | Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg | Consumption and Society | 19 pp. | doi:10.1332/27528499y2024d00000032 - #XUHRZA Changing understandings of waste reduction and avoidance in moralities of thrift: A comparison of Mass Observers' narratives three decades apart [cited] - 2022 | Helen Holmes, Ulrike Ehgartner | Geoforum | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.10.014 - #BQ2W57 Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care [cited] - 2025 | Elina Närvänen, Malla Mattila, Nina Mesiranta, Outi Koskinen | Journal of Business Ethics | 19 pp. | doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05888-5 - #57LWKZ Cities of care: A platform for urban geographical care research - 2020 | Emma R. Power, Miriam J. Williams | Geography Compass | 12 pp. | doi:10.1111/gec3.12474 - #JXXRQJ Citizen-Consumers as Agents of Change in Globalizing Modernity: The Case of Sustainable Consumption - 2010 | Gert Spaargaren, Peter Oosterveer | Sustainability | 22 pp. | doi:10.3390/su2071887 - #8ZKAT7 Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy - 2016 | Kersty Hobson | Progress in Human Geography | 17 pp. | doi:10.1177/0309132514566342 - #MCJT5Q Connecting the multi-level-perspective and social practice approach for sustainable transitions - 2022 | Léon Francis Hirt, Margit Keller, Marlyne Sahakian | Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions | 15 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.eist.2022.05.004 - #UB9EAT Consumer engagement in the circular economy: Exploring clothes swapping in emerging economies from a social practice perspective [cited] - 2019 | Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero | Sustainable Development | 16 pp. | doi:10.1002/sd.2002 - #Q3G2WY Consumption - 2011 | David Graeber | Current Anthropology | 24 pp. | doi:10.1086/660166 - #N7FUYP Consumption and Commodities - 1995 | D. Miller | Annual Review of Anthropology | 22 pp. | doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.24.1.141 - #RZ8QTE Consumption and Theories of Practice [cited] - 2005 | Alan Warde | Journal of Consumer Culture | 23 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540505053090 - #PSBVW7 Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review - 2018 | Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero | Sustainability | 25 pp. | doi:10.3390/su10082758 - #NUEUVY Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. [cited] - 2021 | Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson | Journal of Cleaner Production | 8 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128969 - #MNFABA Disposal and simple living: exploring the circulation of goods and the development of sacred consumption - 2009 | Hélène Cherrier | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | 14 pp. | doi:10.1002/cb.297 - #YBKS64 Everyday life after downshifting: Consumption, thrift, and inequality - 2020 | Jo Lindsay, Kim Humphery, Ruth Lane | Geographical Research | 15 pp. | doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12396 - #TBPJS6 Exploring the role of community-based enterprises in consumers' voluntary clothing disposition via UK swapping events using theory of social practice [cited] - 2023 | Aurelie Le Normand, Claudia E. Henninger, Lucie Počinková, Marta Blazquez Cano | Social Enterprise Journal | 21 pp. | doi:10.1108/sej-02-2023-0017 - #N5VYH8 Food practices as part of daily routines: A conceptual framework for analysing networks of practices - 2021 | Aricia F.M. Castelo, Martina Schäfer, Minelle E. Silva | Appetite | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104978 - #FHZZ6U Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore [cited] - 2024 | Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan | Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies | 15 pp. | doi:10.3197/whpww.63857928646673 - #SJ3K7R Friends, family and the circulation of used goods: overlooked sustainability practices - 2025 | Dharma Arunachalam, Jo Lindsay, Rob Raven, Ruth Lane | Environmental Sociology | 13 pp. | doi:10.1080/23251042.2025.2510410 - #4AE86F From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City - 2020 | Kersty Hobson | Urban Geography | 5 pp. | doi:10.1080/02723638.2020.1786329 - #4UEQN8 Gift or commodity: what changes hands in the U.S. garage sale? - 1997 | Gretchen M. Herrmann | American Ethnologist | 21 pp. | doi:10.1525/ae.1997.24.4.910 - #B6FWAN Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life [cited] - 2010 | Elizabeth Shove, Gordon Walker | Research Policy | 6 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.019 - #MRANHJ Grey greening: quiet sustainability at auto salvage yards - 2022 | Pavel Mašek | Geografie | 19 pp. | doi:10.37040/geografie2022127010055 - #MBXQXR Growing in Motion: The Circulation of Used Things on Second-hand Markets [cited] - 2015 | Anna Bohlin, Staffan Appelgren | Culture Unbound | 26 pp. | doi:10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1571143 - #B3CVMW Harnessing the Unruly: Anthropological Contributions in Applied Reuse Projects - 2020 | Anna Bohlin, Staffan Appelgren | kritisk etnografi: Swedish Journal of Anthropology | 17 pp. | doi:10.33063/diva-432451 - #YW8AYL Home and the extended-self: Exploring associations between clutter and wellbeing - 2021 | Caroline J. Rogers, Dr Rona Hart | Journal of Environmental Psychology | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101553 - #ZB3YSD Household consumption at the crossroads: A bibliometric decoding of global sustainability trends, research gaps, and collaborative networks (2015-2025) - 2025 | B.K. Prahani, Hendry Cahyono, Iszan Hana Kaharudin, Kukuh Arisetyawan, Ladi Wajuba Perdini Fisabilillah, M. Satriawan, M.A. Ghofur, N. Suprapto, Ruth Eviana Hutabarat, S. Andari, Wenny Restikasari, Zain Fuadi Muhammad RoziqiFath | E3S Web of Conferences | 10 pp. | doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202564001017 - #UGBANU How temporal orientations trigger, nurture and sustain deep engagement with consumption practices - 2025 | Benjamin Rosenthal | Marketing Theory | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/14705931241264535 - #9GQP2Z In Defense of Consumer Critique: Revisiting the Consumption Debates of the Twentieth Century - 2007 | Juliet B. Schor | The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science | 15 pp. | doi:10.1177/0002716206299145 - #4Y4DVC Incidental sustainability? Notes from a thrift store in Germany - 2023 | Petra Kuppinger | Critique of Anthropology | 20 pp. | doi:10.1177/0308275x231194259 - #XUS5YJ Learning like a Minimalist—Learning from a Minimalist. Consumers as Disseminators for Sustainable Clothes Usage - 2021 | Journal of Sustainability Research | 24 pp. | doi:10.20900/jsr20210017 - #QWH9YU Lifestyles of enough exploring sufficiency-oriented consumption behavior from a social practice theory perspective - 2023 | Maren I Kropfeld | Journal of Consumer Culture | 22 pp. | doi:10.1177/14695405221095008 - #VGCYKU Linking social practice theories to the perceptions of green consumption: An overview - 2025 | Samira Jabin, Shah Md Atiqul Haq | Social Sciences & Humanities Open | 12 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101455 - #R69WZQ Material culture and the circular economy - 2023 | Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen | Frontiers in Sustainability | 4 pp. | doi:10.3389/frsus.2023.1158079 - #ARE7AL Materials changing the performance of the household energy consumption practices - 2025 | Eliisa Kylkilahti, Henna Syrjälä, Liisa Kääntä, Sara-Ellen Laitinen | Journal of Consumer Culture | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/14695405251321405 - #FYWZFY My Journey within Practice-Based Approaches Bandwagon - 2019 | Mika Pantzar | Sociologica | 8 pp. | doi:10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10203 - #XATD2A New spaces, ordinary practices: Circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning [cited] - 2018 | Helen Holmes | Geoforum | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.022 - #R9KEKQ Not moving things along: hoarding, clutter and other ambiguous matter - 2009 | Neil Maycroft | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | 12 pp. | doi:10.1002/cb.298 - #VJ8G58 Object Relations in Accounts of Everyday Life - 2015 | Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, Mikko Jalas | Sociology | 16 pp. | doi:10.1177/0038038515577910 - #CUWPC9 On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care - 2019 | Cindy Isenhour, Joshua Reno | Worldwide Waste | 8 pp. | doi:10.5334/wwwj.27 - #D8EAVV Online Clothing Resale: A Practice Theory Approach to Evaluate Sustainable Consumption Gains - 2020 | Cosette M. Joyner Armstrong, Hyejune Park | Journal of Sustainability Research | 24 pp. | doi:10.20900/jsr20200017 - #AG36RW Paradoxes of openness and distinction in the sharing economy - 2016 | Connor Fitzmaurice, Emilie Dubois Poteat, Juliet B. Schor, Lindsey B. Carfagna, Will Attwood-Charles | Poetics | 18 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2015.11.001 - #86EHHS Practice theory approach to Gen Z’s sustainable clothing consumption in Finland [cited] - 2024 | Olga Gurova | Young Consumers | 19 pp. | doi:10.1108/yc-06-2023-1765 - #XAYNBH Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change - 2011 | Tom Hargreaves | Journal of Consumer Culture | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540510390500 - #WVG7HV Quiet sustainability: Fertile lessons from Europe’s productive gardeners [cited] - 2013 | Joe Smith, Petr Jehlicka | Journal of Rural Studies | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.05.002 - #4YG3VP Repair for a Broken Economy: Lessons for Circular Economy from an International Interview Study of Repairers - 2021 | Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen, Jonas Anshelm | Sustainability | 15 pp. | doi:10.3390/su13042316 - #AY4Z4C Repair Work as Care: On Maintaining the Planet in the Capitalocene - 2025 | Julia E. Corwin, Vinay Gidwani | Antipode | 21 pp. | doi:10.1111/anti.12791 - #V9QTJP Reuse practices and household consumption work [cited] - 2026 | David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons | Social & Cultural Geography | 21 pp. | doi:10.1080/14649365.2025.2549709 - #HJXUZN Selling Thrift: Work Practices in an American Thrift Store [cited] - 2023 | Frederik Larsen | Journal of Business Anthropology | 19 pp. | doi:10.22439/jba.v12i1.6914 - #ANC583 Social bases of material consumption: The relationship between social groups and possession of household appliances in Denmark - 2019 | Mette Hove Jacobsen | Journal of Consumer Culture | 20 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540516684190 - #NE9YL5 Sustainability as a Moral Discourse: Its Shifting Meanings, Exclusions, and Anxieties - 2022 | Al Lim, Lav Kanoi, Michael R. Dove, Shoko Yamada, Vanessa Koh | Sustainability | 17 pp. | doi:10.3390/su14053095 - #EPZXEW Sustainable Consumption and Practice Theories: Connecting Elements of Clothing Sharing - 2024 | Marcia de Freitas Duarte, Minelle E. Silva, Márcia R. Cavalcante Costa | BBR, Braz. Bus. Rev. | 25 pp. | doi:10.15728/bbr.2021.1182.en - #5FD8BE The Advent of Practice Theories in Research on Sustainable Consumption: Past, Current and Future Directions of the Field - 2019 | Filippo Corsini, Francesco Paolo Appio, Franziska Meinherz, Luca Mora, Rafael Laurenti | Sustainability | 19 pp. | doi:10.3390/su11020341 - #GAZV32 The communities and materials of repair: collectively reflecting on repair practices of everyday artefacts - 2026 | Bilge Merve Aktaş, Hazal Gümüş Çiftçi | CoDesign | 21 pp. | doi:10.1080/15710882.2025.2452575 - #P7EWHQ The Force of Things - 2004 | Jane Bennett | Political Theory | 27 pp. | doi:10.1177/0090591703260853 - #7VNTAB The gift of waste: The diversity of gift practices among dumpster divers - 2023 | Olli Pyyhtinen, Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen | Anthropological Theory | 23 pp. | doi:10.1177/14634996221117318 - #Q24SW5 The Gift, the Indian Gift and the 'Indian Gift' - 1986 | Jonathan Parry | Man | 22 pp. | doi:10.2307/2803096 - #UMYA27 The limits of the loops: critical environmental politics and the Circular Economy - 2021 | Kersty Hobson | Environmental Politics | 20 pp. | doi:10.1080/09644016.2020.1816052 - #UTEUAD The logics of frugality: Reproducing tastes of necessity among affluent climate change activists - 2017 | Jean Léon Boucher | Energy Research & Social Science | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.001 - #P88564 The Minimalist Universe of Things. Living with Less in German Speaking Households - 2023 | Heike Derwanz | Home Cultures | 18 pp. | doi:10.1080/17406315.2024.2338007 - #LB5ACW The Political Economy of Circular Economies: Lessons from Future Repair Scenario Deliberations in Sweden - 2023 | Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen | Circular Economy and Sustainability | 25 pp. | doi:10.1007/s43615-021-00128-8 - #7RVN6J The Simple Bare Necessities: Scales and Paradoxes of Thrift on a London Public Housing Estate - 2022 | Catherine Alexander | Comparative Studies in Society and History | 32 pp. | doi:10.1017/s0010417522000159 - #RRPNRF The Sustainability of an Anthropology of the Anthropocene - 2022 | Thomas Hylland Eriksen | Sustainability | 11 pp. | doi:10.3390/su14063674 - #NM4W8T Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture - 2011 | Gert Spaargaren | Global Environmental Change | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.010 - #GKZ9HP There is no sustainable circular economy without a circular society - 2021 | Charlotte Jensen, Florian Hofmann, Jakob Zwiers, Melanie Jaeger-Erben | Resources, Conservation and Recycling | 2 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105476 - #XDUQVM Through the practice lens: Where is the bandwagon of practice-based studies heading? - 2010 | Gessica Corradi, Luca Verzelloni, Silvia Gherardi | Management Learning | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/1350507609356938 - #MB6S7L Toward an Ecology of Materials - 2012 | Tim Ingold | Annual Review of Anthropology | 20 pp. | doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145920 - #7BM5AQ Uncontained accumulation: Hidden heterotopias of storage and spillage - 2018 | Sasha Newell | History and Anthropology | 6 pp. | doi:10.1080/02757206.2017.1397647 - #6EFDXH Unpicking contemporary thrift: Getting on and getting by in everyday life - 2019 | Helen Holmes | The Sociological Review | 17 pp. | doi:10.1177/0038026118797837 - #SHZ6RT Valuation in action: Ethnography of an American thrift store - 2019 | Frederik Larsen | Business History | 18 pp. | doi:10.1080/00076791.2017.1418330 - #N7DKM2 Vogel's Net - 1996 | Alfred Gell | Journal of Material Culture | 25 pp. | doi:10.1177/135918359600100102 - #S54TH3 Waste and the superfluous: an introduction - 2017 | Elisabeth Schober, Thomas Hylland Eriksen | Social Anthropology | 6 pp. | doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12422 - #6C82ER Waste is not the end. For an anthropology of care, maintenance and repair - 2017 | Francisco Martínez | Social Anthropology | 5 pp. | doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12436 - #UBF5U3 What does that shirt mean to you? Thrift-store consumption as cultural capital - 2020 | Shelly Steward | Journal of Consumer Culture | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540517745707 - #LB72BP What future for collaborative consumption? A practice theoretical account - 2019 | Gert Spaargaren, Walter Fraanje | Journal of Cleaner Production | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.197 - #9X3WKH Whose Collection Is It Anyway? An Autoethnographic Account of `Dividing the Spoils' upon Divorce - 2007 | Jackie Goode | Cultural Sociology | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/1749975507082055 - #ZNC4FL WITH and WITHOUT THINGS. AN INTRODUCTION - 2023 | Francisco Martínez, Tomás Errázuriz | Home Cultures | 15 pp. | doi:10.1080/17406315.2024.2347703 - #ZJUEY4 ‘It will Keep Circulating’: Loving and Letting Go of Things in Swedish Second-hand Markets - 2019 | Anna Bohlin | Worldwide Waste | 11 pp. | doi:10.5334/wwwj.17 - #VWPB2S ‘It's Kind of Saving them a Job isn't it?’ The Consumption Work of Household Recycling - 2015 | Kathryn Wheeler, Miriam Glucksmann | The Sociological Review | 19 pp. | doi:10.1111/1467-954x.12199 - #UTUMYN ‘Nothing Comes Without Its World’: Thinking with Care - 2012 | María Puig de la Bellacasa | The Sociological Review | 20 pp. | doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2012.02070.x - #EDFB5G “If I don’t do it, it feels wrong”: embodying environmental ethical reflexivity through cultivation and enactment of practices [cited] - 2024 | Anne Sofie Møller Askholm | Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy | 12 pp. | doi:10.1080/15487733.2024.2350204 - #3F4AVR “Still good life”: On the value of reuse and distributive labor in “depleted” rural Maine [cited] - 2020 | Brieanne Berry, Cindy Isenhour | Economic Anthropology | 16 pp. | doi:10.1002/sea2.12176 Books (20) - #GABXSA Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies - 1995 | Daniel Miller | 350 pp. - #UX42KU Anthropology and the Economy of Sharing [cited] - 2016 | Thomas Widlok | 240 pp. | doi:10.4324/9781315671291 - #VC6397 Clothing Poverty: The Hidden World of Fast Fashion and Second-hand Clothes - 2015 | Andrew Brooks | 298 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781350219243 - #8J3FXD Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience: The Social Organization of Normality [cited] - 2003 | Elizabeth Shove | 236 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781474214605 - #2EDLQU Elusive Consumption - 2004 | Helene Brembeck, Karin M. Ekström | 254 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781474214704 - #BJ6B3C From the Cult of Waste to the Trash Heap of History: The Politics of Waste in Socialist and Postsocialist Hungary - 2007 | Zsuzsa Gille | 266 pp. - #4LST57 Household Recycling and Consumption Work [cited] - 2015 | Kathryn Wheeler, Miriam Glucksmann | 249 pp. | doi:10.1057/9781137440440 - #R26U48 Materiality - 2005 | Daniel Miller | 302 pp. - #Y3KME8 My Life with Things: The Consumer Diaries - 2016 | Elizabeth Chin | 248 pp. | doi:10.1515/9780822374268 - #B5KMLA Second-Hand Cultures and Economies of Reuse, Repair, Sharing, and Care - 2025 | Petra Kuppinger | Palgrave Macmillan | 28 pp. | doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99875-1 - #VKBZ23 Social Practices: A Wittgensteinian Approach to Human Activity and the Social - 1996 | Theodore R. Schatzki | 256 pp. | doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527470 - #5AXAEJ The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How It Changes [cited] - 2012 | Elizabeth Shove, Matt Watson, Mika Pantzar | 206 pp. | doi:10.4135/9781446250655 - #83R4U2 The Ethics of Waste: How We Relate to Rubbish - 2006 | Gay Hawkins | 80 pp. - #R49AUC The Nexus of Practices: Connections, constellations, practitioners - 2017 | Allison Hui, Elizabeth Shove, Theodore Schatzki | 237 pp. | doi:10.4324/9781315560816 - #3LSRBZ The Perception of the Environment: Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill - 2000 | Tim Ingold | 480 pp. - #6J5MKL The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory - 2001 | Eike von Savigny, Karin Knorr Cetina, Theodore R. Schatzki | 253 pp. | doi:10.4324/9780203977453 - #RCRP8Z The World of Goods: Towards an anthropology of consumption - 1996 | Baron Isherwood, Mary Douglas | 198 pp. - #BX2YWY Thinking Through Things: Theorising Artefacts Ethnographically - 2007 | Amiria Henare, Martin Holbraad, Sari Wastell | 248 pp. - #8YF7LY Thrift and its Paradoxes: From Domestic to Political Economy - 2022 | Catherine Alexander, Daniel Sosna | 232 pp. | doi:10.3167/9781800734623 - #3N7TTE Time, Consumption and Everyday Life: Practice, Materiality and Culture - 2009 | Elizabeth Shove, Frank Trentmann, Richard Wilk | 251 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781474215862 Book chapters (12) - #TNE9JN Habits and Their Creatures - 2012 | Elizabeth Shove | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 100-112 | 13 pp. - #EVCWDH Introduction. Storing and storying the serendipity of objects - 2013 | Patrick Laviolette | Things in Culture, Culture in Things | Approaches to Culture Theory | pp. 13-33 | 11 pp. - #PB2Z6X Introduction: commodities and the politics of value [cited] - 1986 | Arjun Appadurai | The Social Life of Things | Cambridge University Press | pp. 3-63 | 31 pp. | doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819582.003 - #WMSENQ Sustainable consumption as a systemic challenge: inter- and transdisciplinary research and research questions - 2015 | Philip J. Vergragt, Sylvia Lorek | Handbook of Research on Sustainable Consumption | Edward Elgar Publishing | pp. 19-31 | 14 pp. | doi:10.4337/9781783471270.00008 - #V4V7XC Sustainable Consumption, Behaviour Change Policies and Theories of Practice [cited] - 2012 | Andrew McMeekin, Dale Southerton, David Evans | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 113-129 | 17 pp. - #BZ63DX Sustainable practices: social theory and climate change - 2013 | Elizabeth Shove, Nicola Spurling | Sustainable Practices | Routledge | pp. 17-30 | 22 pp. | doi:10.4324/9780203071052-6 - #Y3CFPX The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach - 2023 | Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta | The Routledge Handbook of Catalysts for a Sustainable Circular Economy | Routledge | pp. 535-549 | 15 pp. | doi:10.4324/9781003267492-30 - #9DHD6K The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process - 1986 | Igor Kopytoff | The Social Life of Things | Cambridge University Press | pp. 64-92 | 15 pp. | doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819582.004 - #3SKV2A The cultural dimension of sustainable consumption practices: an exploration in theory and policy - 2013 | Gert Spaargaren | Innovations in Sustainable Consumption | Edward Elgar Publishing | 13 pp. | doi:10.4337/9781781001349.00022 - #72GVQ9 The Habits of Consumption [cited] - 2012 | Alan Warde, Dale Southerton | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 1-25 | 25 pp. - #KWZ2A4 Theories of Practice and Sustainable Consumption [cited] - 2015 | Alan Warde, Daniel Welch | Handbook of Research on Sustainable Consumption | Edward Elgar Publishing | pp. 84-100 | 17 pp. | doi:10.4337/9781783471270.00013 - #Q8AKGZ Towards a Better Accounting of the Roles of Body, Things and Habits in Consumption - 2012 | Harold Wilhite | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 87-99 | 13 pp. Doctoral theses (3) - #QRRZP2 Consumption and Practice: Unfolding Consumptive Moments and the Entanglement with Productive Aspects - 2013 | Benjamin Julien Hartmann | 157 pp. - #ZC3PHV Patchworks of Care: Ethics and Practice of Care in the Organic Food Movement in Latvia - 2020 | Agnese Bankovska | 234 pp. - #8EVNK8 The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings - 2025 | Réka Tölg | 138 pp. Reports (1) - #XBPXDL Inconspicuous consumption: the sociology of consumption and the environment - 1998 | Alan Warde, Elizabeth Shove | 17 pp. Spreadsheet (1) - #XGCWS4 Ieva coded excerpt spreadsheet ### 22. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 12, "query": "circular economy circular consumption closing loops reuse repair care consumption work" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 20, "query": "circular economy" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 20, "query": "circular consumption" } ``` ### 23. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 19 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction Matching excerpt #Y6RG69: Connected to these ambitions, a central goal has become to engage consumers in the circular economy (CE) and bring about circular consumption (e.g., Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013; European Commission, 2015). Performing circular consumption involves acquiring, using and disposing of goods in new ways. In the CE, consumers need to purchase differently, as according to circularity principles goods need to be acquired second-hand, from recycled sources or even accessed through rental services (Dissanayake and Weerasinghe, 2022; Machado et al., 2019). At the same time, consumers also need to use and dispose of their possessions differently, slowing the use of materials through repair and maintenance and ensuring reuse is equally important as closing material loops (Bocken et al., 2016; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 105 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #92JYP3 Research contributions #NXLTRS The (im)possibilities of circular consumption in linear landscapes Matching excerpt #DK5UEU: This dissertation points out how retail market materialities, while enabling some forms of circular consumption, are also arranged to support the co-existence of circular and linear modes of consumption. As this dissertation shows, circular consumption as loops of circularity added to linear modes of consumption (see also Sutcliffe, 2022; Wethal and Hoff, 2024), becomes produced in retail settings. Even if consumers are enabled to do circular practices, such as repair or gentle laundry in their households through additional consumption work, the purchase of new items is not excluded in retail settings. Consumers are rather enabled to buy new garments and then perform additional repairs or upcycling as circular loops. Through mostly placing the circular consumption work in households, instead of handling it in stores, retail settings are arranged to enable the co-existence of linear and circular modes of consumption. This limiting of circular consumption to additional loops is contested, in some ways, by the case of the alternative denim retailer. In their stores, consumers are materially and discursively enabled through various market materialities to sidestep the linear modes of consumption and instead repair what they already own or opt for buying a repaired item. However, the more mainstream (retail) market arrangements mostly enable consumers to develop and enact circular competences as add-ons, instead of questioning and devaluing the linear fast-paced consumer culture. 3. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Matching excerpt #A42MYV: Circular consumption involves consumer practices that work towards extending product lifetimes and enabling multiple cycles of use and recycling (Mylan et al, 2016; Hobson, 2020; Sutcliffe, 2022). Accordingly, in a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Therefore, consumers are asked to care for their belongings (Ackermann, 2018; Jaeger-Erben et al, 2021; Rabiú and Jaeger-Erben, 2022) while at the same time care for the environment and future generations. Although seldom made explicit, consumer care is thus built into the circular economy project. For example, consumers are asked to care for packaging – recycle, wash and fold it – and sort it into the appropriate bins. Consumers are also asked to care for food, plan their food shopping, ‘rescue’ food close to its expiration date and make meals from leftovers to reduce food waste. Furthermore, as this article will explore in more detail, they are urged to repair their clothes, wash them sparingly, and protect them from wear and tear. All these prompts are aimed at not only caring for consumption objects but also at caring for the environment, the welfare of distant others and future generations. 4. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 0 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Matching excerpt #R3BCC8: In a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Thus, although seldom made explicit, consumer care is built into the circular economy project. In this article, we aim to contribute to the emerging body of sociological work on circular consumption by foregrounding the role of care in the performance of circular clothing practices. Theoretically, we combine previous care literature with theories of practice. The analysis builds on an ethnographically inspired study of 24 households' circular clothing consumption. Our findings suggest that accomplishing circularity in everyday clothing consumption involves developing care awareness and taking on responsibility for the care of clothes as a way of caring for distant others. We also show that multiple care struggles and care dilemmas complicate the accomplishment of care in this context. The article ends by outlining the possible contributions of developing an awareness and understanding of how care and circular consumption are intertwined. 5. Source: Harnessing the Unruly- Anthropological Contributions in Applied Reuse Projects (#B3CVMW), Anna Bohlin, Staffan Appelgren, p. 3 Context: #W65XU5 Harnessing the Unruly: Anthropological Contributions in Applied Reuse Projects #YUBQAT Reuse and circular economy Matching excerpt #NRJXYE: At the time that we began exploring reuse and second-hand consumption, discussions on the promises of the 'circular economy' (CE) had begun to emerge in Sweden. The concept circulated in national media, and in Gothenburg where we were doing fieldwork, various meetings, workshops, and lectures on the topic illustrated the growing interest in this new way of conceptualising the economy. Indeed, the City administration pilot project we collaborated with was called Circular Gothenburg. In short, CE thinking takes a systematic approach to the economy that should benefit industry, society, and the planet by disconnecting growth from resource exploitation. Inspired by the restorative and regenerative powers of ecological cycles in nature it argues for closing the loops of material flows in order to reduce resource extraction and waste production. In symbiotic networks corporations are supposed to turn waste and by-products into resources for production. Design for disassembling and recycling is crucial in this, as is design for care and repair in order to extend the lifespan of things before being returned for another production cycle (McDonough and Braungart, 2002; Webster, 2017). CE has received criticism, not least in regard to the limited evidence of large-scale practical CE cases (see Gregson et al. 2015; Blomsma and Brennan 2017; Valenzuela and Böhm 2017; Corvellec et al. 2020), but overall has been met with enthusiasm from industry, policy makers, and social movements and is being increasingly adopted as an imagined solution to sustainability challenges in Sweden. This is reflected for example in the way that the Swedish government sees it as a cornerstone of the sustainable consumption strategy (Ministry of Finance 2016), recently formed the Swedish Circular Economy Delegation (Government Offices of Sweden 2018) and ambitiously stated that "Sweden will develop the resource-effective, circular, bio-based economy" in its latest Government Declaration (authors' translation, Government Offices of Sweden 2019: 6). 6. Source: Second-Hand Cultures and Economies of Reuse, Repair, Sharing, and Care (#B5KMLA), Petra Kuppinger, p. 15 Context: #BTPYSB Second-Hand Cultures and Economies of Reuse, Repair, Sharing, and Care #2LDVPH Introduction: Second-Hand Cultures and Economies of Reuse, Repair, Sharing, and Care Matching excerpt #E2ZCRK: goods. Recycling and repair work are ways to make a precarious living in a global capitalist economy that litters the planet with the discards of the privileged. The necessity to divert goods from landfills and incinerators often guides individuals, institutions, and municipalities. Their quests are rooted in the understanding that there is much life left in many tossed goods, and in ecological or political ideas. Some individuals seek the cultural “cool” of thrifted items. Others avoid consumerism and see minimalism as a chance to shed environmental burdens and individual costs of hyper-consumerism. They insist that used goods serve their needs just as well or even better than new ones. Others see resistance to consumerism as political protest and seek to vote with their money. Buying used items, they avoid the dominant capitalist market and join more sustainable and circular economies. Participation in second-hand economies becomes a political indicator, and thrifted items can signify environmental politics and consciousness. In the Global North, greed might have been “cool” in the 1980s, but green and sustainable practices are a new cool for those who are eager to learn practices from their elders or elsewhere to limit consumption of new goods, extend limited resources, decrease their carbon footprint, and live simpler and more mindful lives. Across the globe, economies of reuse are vital elements for those who remain committed to values of frugality or simply must make ends meet. Economies of reuse, repair, sharing, and care are global in scope, but their expressions vary in different locations. Motivations to participate in these complex economies differ from involuntary to habitual, experimental, political, or activist. Diverse local and global second-hand circuits are interwoven. 7. Source: On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care (#CUWPC9), Cindy Isenhour, Joshua Reno, p. 5 Context: #3YJ9P3 On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care #N5NAHT Conclusion Matching excerpt #Y8TS2B: As we hope the contributions to this special issue make clear, reuse and repair are about much more than economic efficiency. The recent emergence of advocacy for reuse marks a significant improvement upon our shockingly wasteful linear production-consumption system and makes a lot of sense in the context of simultaneous economic and environmental crises of modernity. But, we ought not to forget that reuse is also fundamentally about care and the investment of human labor and affective energy in the redefinition of value, not just attached to objects but also to social relations. While these practices are old, contemporary circular economy logics so heavily trained on calculations of energy and materials efficiencies, risk missing this important element of value and, without more reflection, subordinate societal interests to the logic of the market, rather than the inverse. 8. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT Matching excerpt #NKZQC2: This paper seeks to redress the over-emphasis on state-driven circular policies in public and academic discourses by attending to two physical community-based freecycling markets at the emerging frontiers of circular waste/resource management in Singapore. Freecycling markets that close short reuse loops are a counterpoint to policies that close long recycling loops. Drawing primarily on empirical data from ethnographic fieldwork, we argue that freecycling markets exemplify a sustainable materialist movement concerned about the sustainability of material resources vis-à-vis the closing/shortening of material circularity loops. This is achieved through the reconfiguration of (a) material flows and (b) material relations. The redirection of unwanted but reusable household objects away from the incinerator and towards potential reusers animates a shift from a linear to circular material flow. We contend that this redirection of material resources for reuse is augmented by rescue and recirculation, which are relatively neglected within the scholarship on circular R-behaviours. Additionally, freecycling markets seek to transform material relations by encouraging care and stewardship, instead of use and disposal. Crucially, we highlight how freecycling markets may be plagued with material constraints that render them not-so-sustainable-and-scalable, thereby shedding light on the practical limits of sustainable materialist action. Taken together, this paper extends the scholarship on circular economies by bringing work on sustainable materialism into a productive dialogue with that on circular activisms and R-behaviours. 9. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 4 Context: #MLNREG 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: R-BEHAVIOURS, SUSTAINABLE MATERIALISM, CIRCULAR ACTIVISMS #EEEVLJ 3.2 SUSTAINABLE MATERIALISMS AND CIRCULAR ACTIVISMS Matching excerpt #4EUPYF: Meanwhile, the literature on circular economies has dealt with material resources and material circularity loops but has yet to systematically attend to circular materialisms vis-à-vis a new materialist ontology. Similarly, Hobson (2020: 99) asserts that discussions on circularity are ridden with 'an impoverished view of our relationships with complex material cultures'. In short, new materialism attends to the relationalities between human and nonhumans, while stressing how humans are situated in a largely nonhuman material environment (Coole and Frost 2010). While work stemming from a new materialist approach is sparse, some exceptions include Isenhour and Reno's (2019) understanding of repair and reuse as material carework that can rework one's relationship with waste/things in a circular economy that is still largely underpinned by consumer capitalism. For Schlosberg (2019), sustainable materialism rides on new materialism in order to spotlight a politics of environmental sustainability realised by/through quotidian material practices. 10. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 6 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #73CQ2D 4. Results #3VQSYA 4.1. General Characteristics Matching excerpt #Y9DTY6: Most of the studies reviewed focussed on specific solutions such as the sharing economy and collaborative consumption (40%), PSS (24%), and remanufactured products (25%). Research addressing consumption in the context of the circular economy is scarce (10%). Although research focussing on consumers and specific solutions that contribute to closing material loops started in the mid-1990s, it has been on the rise ever since. At first, regarding consumption, researchers seem to have only worked with PSS, but remanufacturing and the sharing economy started to catch their attention after 2010. Studies investigating consumption in the specific context of the circular economy appeared for the first time in 2015. 11. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #CNF67G 1. Introduction Matching excerpt #RHNFFH: A “circular economy” would turn goods that are at the end of their service life into resources for others, closing loops in industrial ecosystems and minimizing waste... It would change economic logic because it replaces production with sufficiency: reuse what you can, recycle what cannot be used, repair what is broken, remanufacture what cannot be repaired. (Stahel, 2016: 435) 12. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 16 Context: #YDJM7S Prácticas de reutilización y trabajo de consumo doméstico #9KXLER Conclusion Matching excerpt #G26N4U: Finally, conceptualizing these activities and tasks as 'consumption work' helps to understand the work that consumers are required to engage in as part of the transition to more circular forms of consumption. For example, the requirement on consumers to bring their own containers to reuse-refill stores results in several processual forms of labour, primarily that of decanting and recirculating . Whilst these activities may be interpreted as domestic labour due to them being household-based, we argue that they play a key role in the wider circuits of the reuse economy, extending well beyond the home. Allied to this, our sensitivity to how labour is distributed along the supply chain (Hobson et al., 2021) allows us to offer a rejoinder to the dominant framing of the role of 'consumers' in the circular economy. In contrast to the prevailing idea that the onus is on consumers to take up and 'accept' new business models and products, our work suggests that more emphasis should be placed on the retail sector to adapt to consumers' existing practices. Differentiating between reuse-refill and reuse-return methods of provisioning (EMF, 2019), raises questions about the nature and amount of consumption work and domestic labour involved in these different systems (Wheeler & Glucksmann, 2015b). Future studies could usefully turn their attention to this complexity and nuance. Our approach also raises questions about who (state, market, or household) is required to do what work to ensure the success of reuse systems. As things stand, most of the work falls to individuals who are required to source, prepare, and maintain objects ( recirculate ) in refill systems, integrating these practices into their existing domestic routines. With a growing interest in transitioning towards a shared packaging economy (reuse-return), it is imperative to think about how best to recognize and formalize the work carried out by households whilst also questioning how responsibility and care should be reconfigured and formalized across the wider supply-chain. Approximate matches 1. Source: From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City (#4AE86F), Kersty Hobson, p. 1 Context: #7TWE3G From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City #XUQXYU KEYWORDS Score: 0.732 Related excerpt #39YZES: Circular economy; consumption; practice theory 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 19 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction Score: 0.729 Related excerpt #Y6RG69: Connected to these ambitions, a central goal has become to engage consumers in the circular economy (CE) and bring about circular consumption (e.g., Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013; European Commission, 2015). Performing circular consumption involves acquiring, using and disposing of goods in new ways. In the CE, consumers need to purchase differently, as according to circularity principles goods need to be acquired second-hand, from recycled sources or even accessed through rental services (Dissanayake and Weerasinghe, 2022; Machado et al., 2019). At the same time, consumers also need to use and dispose of their possessions differently, slowing the use of materials through repair and maintenance and ensuring reuse is equally important as closing material loops (Bocken et al., 2016; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 103 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #92JYP3 Research contributions #NB97RR Complexity of care and valuation work in circular consumption Score: 0.714 Related excerpt #6DMPGD: work as integral parts of performing circular consumption, and secondly by showing how both care and valuation work are challenged in the linear landscape. 4. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Score: 0.744 Related excerpt #A42MYV: Circular consumption involves consumer practices that work towards extending product lifetimes and enabling multiple cycles of use and recycling (Mylan et al, 2016; Hobson, 2020; Sutcliffe, 2022). Accordingly, in a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Therefore, consumers are asked to care for their belongings (Ackermann, 2018; Jaeger-Erben et al, 2021; Rabiú and Jaeger-Erben, 2022) while at the same time care for the environment and future generations. Although seldom made explicit, consumer care is thus built into the circular economy project. For example, consumers are asked to care for packaging – recycle, wash and fold it – and sort it into the appropriate bins. Consumers are also asked to care for food, plan their food shopping, ‘rescue’ food close to its expiration date and make meals from leftovers to reduce food waste. Furthermore, as this article will explore in more detail, they are urged to repair their clothes, wash them sparingly, and protect them from wear and tear. All these prompts are aimed at not only caring for consumption objects but also at caring for the environment, the welfare of distant others and future generations. 5. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 0 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Score: 0.727 Related excerpt #R3BCC8: In a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Thus, although seldom made explicit, consumer care is built into the circular economy project. In this article, we aim to contribute to the emerging body of sociological work on circular consumption by foregrounding the role of care in the performance of circular clothing practices. Theoretically, we combine previous care literature with theories of practice. The analysis builds on an ethnographically inspired study of 24 households' circular clothing consumption. Our findings suggest that accomplishing circularity in everyday clothing consumption involves developing care awareness and taking on responsibility for the care of clothes as a way of caring for distant others. We also show that multiple care struggles and care dilemmas complicate the accomplishment of care in this context. The article ends by outlining the possible contributions of developing an awareness and understanding of how care and circular consumption are intertwined. 6. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT #9A563U KEYWORDS: Score: 0.77 Related excerpt #8S6R7F: Circular economy, R-behaviours, sustainable materialism, reuse, rescue, recirculation 7. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.718 Related excerpt #P4K8SC: The transition towards a 'circular economy' has gained traction in the wake of a climate emergency and environmental crisis. As opposed to a linear take-make-dispose model, a circular economic paradigm has been touted as the solution to resource depletion and waste production by turning waste (i.e. outputs) into resources (i.e. inputs) for another production cycle. Such a transformation closes the circularity loop, which is realised via a range of R-behaviours (also called R-hierarchies or R-imperatives). Reike et al.'s (2018) hierarchy of circular R-behaviours, also called resource value retention options (ROs) include refuse (R0), reduce (R1), resell/reuse (R2), repair (R3), refurbish (R4), remanufacture (R5), repurpose (R6), recycle (material, R7), recover (energy R8) and re-mine (R9). They have divided their ten ROs into short, medium and long loops. Short loops (R0–R3) exist in proximity to the consumer. Medium loops (R4–R6) involve business networks for upgrading (e.g. refurbishing) a product that is indirectly linked to the consumer. Long loops (R7–R9) entail waste processing activities that are far removed from the consumer, with things being broken down and losing their original utility. 8. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #7H9E6C KEYWORDS Score: 0.784 Related excerpt #EUZWN7: circular economy, material culture, object relations, repair, sharing, re-use, material flow 9. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #CNF67G 1. Introduction Score: 0.727 Related excerpt #RHNFFH: A “circular economy” would turn goods that are at the end of their service life into resources for others, closing loops in industrial ecosystems and minimizing waste... It would change economic logic because it replaces production with sufficiency: reuse what you can, recycle what cannot be used, repair what is broken, remanufacture what cannot be repaired. (Stahel, 2016: 435) 10. Source: The limits of the loops: critical environmental politics and the Circular Economy (#UMYA27), Kersty Hobson, p. 2 Context: #WE2KWR The limits of the loops: critical environmental politics and the Circular Economy #8N33DB Introduction: Circular Economy as ‘weak’ sustainability rebooted? Score: 0.718 Related excerpt #SF6H7V: 'an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life' (Wrap 2019, no page) 11. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 1 Context: #ZKYDXP Reuse practices and household consumption work #N73JMC KEYWORDS Score: 0.731 Related excerpt #NMRYAA: Consumption work; circular economy; package-free shopping; reuse; household practices 12. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 0 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Score: 0.723 Related excerpt #ZUYWH3: Consumption plays a pivotal role in the transition to a circular economy (CE). The ways in which we, as consumers, buy and use products and services, how we take care of these through maintenance and repair, and how we get rid of and circulate things no longer needed or wanted are crucial for such a change towards a CE (Hobson et al., 2021; Sijtsma et al., 2020). ### 24. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Repair for a Broken Economy: Lessons for Circular Economy from an International Interview Study of Repairers (#4YG3VP), Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen, Jonas Anshelm, p. 0 Context: #LVPP8A Repair for a Broken Economy: Lessons for Circular Economy from an International Interview Study of Repairers Matching excerpt #4TVHFQ: Abstract: The idea of replacing the broken linear economy with circular forms to help address the current sustainability crisis is gaining world-wide traction in policy, industry, and academia. This article presents results from an international interview study with 34 repair practitioners and experts in different fields. The article aims to improve understandings of the potential of repair so as to contribute to a more just, sustainable, and circular economy. Through a five-step qualitative method the results reveal and explore three tensions inherent in repair: first, repair activities constitute different forms of subjectivity; second, repair entails different and sometimes contested temporalities; and finally, even though repair is deeply political in practice, the politics of repair are not always explicit, and some repair activities are actively depoliticized. The opportunities and obstacles embodied in these tensions are generative in repair practices and debates, but poorly reflected in contemporary circular economy discourse. We conclude that a richer, more inclusive, and politicized understanding of repair can support environmental justice in the implementation of circular economy (CE) and provide greater opportunities for just and transformational sustainability strategies and policies. 2. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Matching excerpt #ZDP99W: In recent years, the circular economy has attracted considerable scholarly and societal attention (Merli et al, 2018; Hobson, 2020). Circularity advocates – such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013) – and policy documents – such as the European Commission (2020) – argue for the transition to a more circular and therefore also a more materially efficient economy (Ortega Alvarado et al, 2021). The circular economy programme sets out to break with the take-make-dispose linear economy, instead establishing a circular system in which materials are kept in circulation through ‘closed’ production and consumption loops (Hobson, 2016; Mylan et al, 2016). While much of the circular economy research focuses on production and recycling processes, typically geared towards the electronics, metal and waste management industries (Ghisellini et al, 2016; Merli et al, 2018), the role of consumers in making the circular economy possible is beginning to be acknowledged (Hobson et al, 2021). 3. Source: The Political Economy of Circular Economies: Lessons from Future Repair Scenario Deliberations in Sweden (#LB5ACW), Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen, p. 4 Context: #PA8RHN The Political Economy of Circular Economies: Lessons from Future Repair Scenario Deliberations in Sweden #L3DRJM Methodology Matching excerpt #4VA53X: This study primarily utilised scenario workshops. A scenario is here understood as “a small bespoke set of structured conceptual systems of equally plausible future contexts, often presented as narrative descriptions, manufactured for someone and for a purpose...” [48, p.71]. For this paper, we constructed four “circular economy in the year 2050” scenarios (see descriptions below in the “The Circular Economy Scenarios: Repair in 2050” section). The scenarios enabled us to explore how different value sets and future imaginaries—especially with respect to the role and nature of repair—might generate different circular economy practices. To fulfil this purpose, we discussed the scenarios together with repair stakeholders at two workshops (for a description of the workshop method, see the “The Workshops” section). 4. Source: Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. (#NUEUVY), Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #N9U32S Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. #VCKC56 ABSTRACT Matching excerpt #629UVN: Circular Economy frameworks have become central to debates and interventions that aim to reduce global resource use and environmental despoliation. As pathways to both systemic and micro-scale transformations, there remain many challenges to making Circular Economy actionable. One such challenge is facilitating the emergence of the 'circular consumer'. Here, we are all encouraged to shift everyday practices to consume new products and services and/or participate in the 'Sharing Economy': all of which are claimed, in some prominent debates, to automatically offer more 'convenience' for the consumer. In response, this paper argues that viewing such debates through the lens of Consumption Work offers a different picture of what it takes to be, and what we need to know about, the circular consumer. Consumption Work refers to the labour integral to the purchase, use, re-use and disposal of goods and services. This paper argues that the nature and scope of such work has been underplayed in Circular Economy debates to date, and that becoming a circular consumer requires varied and unevenly distributed forms of Consumption Work, which in turn, has significant implications for the success of Circular Economy. This paper thus proposes a research agenda into this topic, outlining five, inter-related, critical issues that a Circular Economy research agenda must address, including questions of who undertakes Consumption Work; to what ends; and how its multiple forms are coordinated within and beyond the household. 5. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 0 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #RRR7Y9 1. Introduction Matching excerpt #5QVW6D: A circular economy (CE) aims at decoupling value creation from waste generation and resource use [1] by radically transforming production and consumption systems [2]. Most of the literature on the circular economy seems to focus on the production side, exploring circular business models [3], strategies to develop circular value propositions [4], and the benefits of such models [5]. Less attention seems to have been paid to how consumption and consumers would affect or be affected by the circular economy [2]. As suggested by Hobson et al. [6] the circular economy might translate into significant changes in people’s everyday lives, but there seems to be little understanding of such alterations in the scientific literature, and the policies promoting the circular economy [7]. Among such changes are the 6. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 1 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #RRR7Y9 1. Introduction Matching excerpt #JGRGPR: Despite the realisation that the circular economy translates into significant changes in consumption, recent reviews on the circular economy do not provide comprehensive accounts of such issues. For example, Kirchherr et al. [2] found that only 19% of the papers defining the circular economy considered consumption, and highlighted that not enough is known about why consumers would participate in the circular economy or not. Van Eijk’s [10] review focussed on drivers and barriers to the circular economy, and although it included consumption and business/consumer acceptance as one of its thematic areas, the insights offered were rather general. Geissdoerfer et al. [11] investigated the relationship between the circular economy and sustainability, but did not make any significant reference regarding the consumer or consumption aspects. Finally, Ghisellini et al. [12] found that the existing literature on circular economy considers consumers to be passive and rational recipients that will follow labels and other production-side signals when making decisions. 7. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 0 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review Matching excerpt #N94NFW: Abstract: A circular economy (CE) aims at decoupling value creation from waste generation and resource use by radically transforming production and consumption systems. Recent reviews on the topic of the circular economy have indicated that cultural barriers are a significant factor hindering the diffusion of so-called ‘circular’ business models, particularly the lack of consumer—or user—acceptance. However, none of them has provided an overview of the existing literature addressing such issues that can help academics and practitioners better understand consumption considerations when addressing the circular economy. Motivated by these observations, this paper presents the results of a literature review that summarises and discusses insights from 111 articles in terms of the problem area, theoretical approaches, methods, and tools that have been used to collect and analyse data, the main issues, and identified research gaps. The results show that most of the existing scientific work on the circular economy and circular solutions addressing consumption has focussed on identifying factors that drive or hinder the consumption of circular solutions. A smaller but expanding set of articles has focussed on offering insights into the nature, meaning, and dynamics of consumption in the context of the circular economy. According to this set of articles, consumption in the circular economy is anonymous, connected, political, uncertain, and based on multiple values, not only utility. A smaller set of papers has explored the integration of user and consumer perspectives into design processes. Although these contributions are relevant, opportunities for further research are still open, particularly regarding socio-material and cultural aspects of consumption in the context of the circular economy, and the role of digitalisation. In addition, more work could be done regarding strategies to foster not only acceptance but also the adoption and diffusion of the circular economy. Based on the findings of this literature review, some ideas for a research agenda on the issue of consumption in the circular economy are outlined. 8. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 17 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #6YGVNY 6. Conclusions Matching excerpt #5YPJVE: This literature review has provided an overview and analysis of the existing literature focussing on the issue of consumption in the specific context of the circular economy. Based on its findings, it is possible to say that consumption in the context of the circular economy and circular solutions is becoming an area of increased interest for researchers. Although most of the existing contributions have been made regarding the factors driving and hindering the acceptance of circular solutions, some researchers have investigated the relationship between consumption and the circular economy by exploring the nature, meanings, and dynamics of consumption in this particular context. By doing so, these papers offered accounts of how consumers experience circular solutions and the elements and conditions that enable the recruitment and normalisation of practices that involve circularity. Less work has been done on how to trigger change both at the individual and collective levels to help the diffusion of circular solutions and the transition towards a circular economy. 9. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 15 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #6V5T6G 5. Discussion Matching excerpt #JXMPXC: This literature review indicated that three main questions had occupied researchers exploring consumption in the specific context of the circular economy and circular solutions. First, what factors, perceptions, typologies, and incentives drive the consumption of circular solutions. This question attempts to offer insight regarding the causes of the lack of consumer acceptance of circular solutions, which has been highlighted as an important barrier to moving towards a circular economy [51,166]. Most of the insights from this stream of literature referred to factors driving 10. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 15 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #6V5T6G 5. Discussion Matching excerpt #PQGCM3: Based on this literature review, it was found that interest in the relationship between consumption and the circular economy is increasing. This is reflected in the growing number of studies conducted in recent years that explore the topic. However, most of such literature has focussed on specific circular solutions, rather than the general concept of the circular economy. Nonetheless, a few papers have investigated how the circular economy will affect consumers and how it will be affected by consumption, providing much-needed insights. In addition, most of the data used in the studies reviewed come from high-income economies, and only a few articles have explored consumption in the context of emerging economies. Although affluent economies are the leaders in resource consumption as highlighted by the United Nations [165], emerging economies seem to be following a similar development path, intensifying their resource use. In light of this, governments and other actors from these economies may want to leapfrog to a circular economy, demanding a better understanding of consumption aspects in this particular context. 11. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 17 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #6YGVNY 6. Conclusions Matching excerpt #4DLFYA: Moreover, questions regarding equity and power in the circular economy are missing from the literature, as different authors have already pointed out [6,7,24,167]. Given the alterations in ownership, such topics raise interesting questions; for instance, how would the power balance between companies and consumers alter in a 100% access-based economy, or how willing would consumers be to give up privacy for the sake of comfort? What about the free labour that companies are getting by transferring assemblage or repair responsibilities to consumers? What is the role of media and other cultural actors in creating the conditions for a transition to a circular economy? These gaps, in addition to the ones highlighted in the literature, provide a picture of new avenues for research that can contribute to better understanding the conditions that facilitate the transition to a circular economy. 12. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 1 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #RRR7Y9 1. Introduction Matching excerpt #5567LZ: Motivated by these observations, this paper aims at filling this gap by providing a review of the literature on the circular economy and specific circular solutions that address issues of consumption and consumer acceptance. To do so, it analyses articles in terms of research questions, theoretical approaches, methods, and tools used to collect and to analyse data, main issues addressed, and main research gaps identified in the studies. Based on the results, it suggests areas for further exploration on the topic of consumption and consumer acceptance in the circular economy to tackle concerns about the lack of understanding of such issues in the literature. The paper has five sections. After the introduction, Section 2 provides an overview of the circular economy, specific circular solutions, and consumption research in the context of sustainable development. Section 3 describes the method for performing this review. Section 4 presents a summary and discussion of the main findings. Section 5 discusses the main findings of the review. The final section presents the conclusions. 13. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 6 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #73CQ2D 4. Results #3VQSYA 4.1. General Characteristics Matching excerpt #Y9DTY6: Most of the studies reviewed focussed on specific solutions such as the sharing economy and collaborative consumption (40%), PSS (24%), and remanufactured products (25%). Research addressing consumption in the context of the circular economy is scarce (10%). Although research focussing on consumers and specific solutions that contribute to closing material loops started in the mid-1990s, it has been on the rise ever since. At first, regarding consumption, researchers seem to have only worked with PSS, but remanufacturing and the sharing economy started to catch their attention after 2010. Studies investigating consumption in the specific context of the circular economy appeared for the first time in 2015. 14. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 1 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #ZNHCPN 2. Background Matching excerpt #35H953: Although the concept of the circular economy is widely used by academics and practitioners, there is little agreement regarding what it means. One of the most used definitions was coined by the Ellen Macarthur Foundation and is represented in the now-famous ‘butterfly diagram’ [1]. In this visualisation, the circular economy is divided into two cycles, a biological cycle and a technical cycle, both of which are comprised of actors and activities. At the centre of the diagram is the consumer for the biological cycle and the user for the technical cycle. Other stakeholders involved in this definition are the service provider, the product manufacturer, and the parts manufacturer. This diagram is accompanied by three principles that the foundation coined as the circular economy principles. First, the preservation and enhancement of natural capital, second, the longer circulation of products and materials in both cycles, and third, designing out waste. 15. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 13 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #73CQ2D 4. Results #3TDN87 4.2. Issues: Consumption Meanings, Drivers, and the User in the Design Process #TXRB99 4.2.2. The Nature, Meaning, and Dynamics of Consumption Matching excerpt #7D5K9M: In the circular economy, consumption will most probably change in terms of what it means for consumers, how they perceive it, and how it evolves. The literature considers several aspects as relevant when exploring the new meaning of consumption in the context of the circular economy, as presented in Table 4. 16. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 16 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #6V5T6G 5. Discussion Matching excerpt #4XS6K5: These contributions are in line with the development of research in the field of sustainable consumption. However, some areas of interest that have occupied researchers in this field seem to be missing in the literature on circular economy and circular solutions reviewed here. On the one hand, we did not find studies exploring the consequences of consumption in the circular economy on sustainability. On the other hand, only a handful of papers explored strategies to drive change and promote circular forms of consumption. The third stream of papers exploring design processes and the role of the designer could be considered as a contribution to answering this question about change. Nonetheless, change is not only about acceptance; it is also about actual adoption and diffusion, requiring research on not only products or services, but also on the system level. 17. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #CNF67G 1. Introduction Matching excerpt #NKRBD6: Interpretations of the circular economy and its wide-reaching political mandate have an impact on the roles of resources and objects in the “consumer” society. As illustrated above, the discourse surrounding the circular economy has largely centered on the lives of objects, with a focus on repair, sharing, and re-use, with the general aim being the efficient handling of matter through systems of provision. This has implications for how the consumer’s role is understood. For example, Hobson et al. (2021) write about efforts to engage households in the circular economy, and to enhance their capacity to use, manage and preserve objects. 18. Source: Friends, family and the circulation of used goods: overlooked sustainability practices (#SJ3K7R), Dharma Arunachalam, Jo Lindsay, Rob Raven, Ruth Lane, p. 1 Context: #GBBDLC Friends, family and the circulation of used goods: overlooked sustainability practices #2QNL7F KEYWORDS Matching excerpt #649DG5: Consumption; families; relationships; circular economy; sharing economy 19. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 2 Context: #YDJM7S Prácticas de reutilización y trabajo de consumo doméstico #UTZZ6F Introduction Matching excerpt #6U9397: With a growing emphasis on the 'Circular Economy' in debates on consumption, sustainability and everyday life, systems of reuse are increasingly attracting attention (for example (EMF, 2019), (Greenpeace, 2020)) in transforming 'production-consumption systems towards enhanced material circularity' (Greene et al., 2024, p. 1). For example, the UK Plastics Pact emphasizes the need for a series of technical and design-based solutions in 'eliminating problematic plastics' and 'creating a circular economy for plastics' (WRAP, n.d.). At the same time, there is a strong emphasis on 'hard hitting campaigns' that encourage citizens to 'recycle more of the right things' (WRAP, n.d.) and a widespread sense that consumers must 'do their bit' by, for example, switching from single-use plastics to reusable packaging. 1 Within social science work, the role of 'consumer-users' and the labour involved in achieving a more sustainable circular economy has been identified as a critical, but often overlooked, component of citizen participation (Greene et al., 2024; Hobson, 2020; Hobson et al., 2021). Hobson's work suggests that any successful transition towards a circular economy requires a shift beyond prevailing individualistic perspectives on consumer behaviour that have dominated policy approaches against the backdrop of technocratic changes (cf. Shove, 2010). This paper contributes to these debates, focusing on the dynamics of existing household consumption practices to better understand how these might enable or inhibit the development of systems of reuse. 20. Source: Linking social practice theories to the perceptions of green consumption: An overview (#VGCYKU), Samira Jabin, Shah Md Atiqul Haq, p. 8 Context: #ZVHF4Q Linking social practice theories to the perceptions of green consumption: An overview #K7SKC9 3. Literature review #9VL5CC 3.7. Policy implications of sustainable consumption Matching excerpt #MJ93G9: influences both social production outcomes and technological advancements (Koval et al., 2023). The circular economy emphasizes a fundamental transformation at macro (national and global), meso (regional and business networks), and micro levels (products, companies, and consumers), with a focus on circular design that minimizes waste, extends product lifecycles, and prioritizes eco-friendly materials, repairability, and recyclability (Marrucci et al., 2019; Ranta & Saari, 2020). By integrating sustainability into the design phase, it encourages durability, reuse, and the development of systems that improve material efficiency, contributing to green consumption by reducing waste and promoting longer-lasting, environmentally responsible products (Ranta & Saari, 2020). Digital technologies are essential for expanding the circular economy, as they enable the generation and analysis of data needed to support new business models and complex circular supply networks (Fraga-Lamas et al., 2021). The shift to a sustainable digital smart circular economy is driven by three essential technologies: IoT, edge computing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Fraga-Lamas, 2021). Approximate matches 1. Source: From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City (#4AE86F), Kersty Hobson, p. 1 Context: #7TWE3G From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City #XUQXYU KEYWORDS Score: 0.665 Related excerpt #39YZES: Circular economy; consumption; practice theory 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 19 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction Score: 0.669 Related excerpt #Y6RG69: Connected to these ambitions, a central goal has become to engage consumers in the circular economy (CE) and bring about circular consumption (e.g., Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013; European Commission, 2015). Performing circular consumption involves acquiring, using and disposing of goods in new ways. In the CE, consumers need to purchase differently, as according to circularity principles goods need to be acquired second-hand, from recycled sources or even accessed through rental services (Dissanayake and Weerasinghe, 2022; Machado et al., 2019). At the same time, consumers also need to use and dispose of their possessions differently, slowing the use of materials through repair and maintenance and ensuring reuse is equally important as closing material loops (Bocken et al., 2016; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 19 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction Score: 0.653 Related excerpt #XX9JVX: [A] regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimised by slowing, closing, and narrowing material and energy loops. This can be achieved through long-lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recycling (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017: 759) 4. Source: Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy (#8ZKAT7), Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #ECVDXM Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy #7JJN4G Keywords Score: 0.682 Related excerpt #FJJWUG: circular economy, materialities, product service system, prosumer 5. Source: Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy (#8ZKAT7), Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #ECVDXM Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy #YYPBP6 1 Introduction Score: 0.647 Related excerpt #9NU2JN: and return to the biosphere, and aims for the elimination of waste through the superior design of materials, products, systems and business models. (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013b: 2; see also Aldersgate Group, 2012; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013a, 2014; Lee et al., 2012) 6. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Score: 0.677 Related excerpt #ZDP99W: In recent years, the circular economy has attracted considerable scholarly and societal attention (Merli et al, 2018; Hobson, 2020). Circularity advocates – such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013) – and policy documents – such as the European Commission (2020) – argue for the transition to a more circular and therefore also a more materially efficient economy (Ortega Alvarado et al, 2021). The circular economy programme sets out to break with the take-make-dispose linear economy, instead establishing a circular system in which materials are kept in circulation through ‘closed’ production and consumption loops (Hobson, 2016; Mylan et al, 2016). While much of the circular economy research focuses on production and recycling processes, typically geared towards the electronics, metal and waste management industries (Ghisellini et al, 2016; Merli et al, 2018), the role of consumers in making the circular economy possible is beginning to be acknowledged (Hobson et al, 2021). 7. Source: Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care (#BQ2W57), Elina Närvänen, Malla Mattila, Nina Mesiranta, Outi Koskinen, p. 0 Context: #NLZXGJ Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care #88E4W4 Introduction Score: 0.696 Related excerpt #WDBXVM: The transition to a circular economy (CE) is one of the central political goals of the European Union (Calisto Friant et al., 2021). CE has been defined as a systemic framework intended to provide solutions for pressing sustainability problems by replacing the end-of-life concept with reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering materials throughout production, distribution, and consumption processes (Kirchherr 8. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT #9A563U KEYWORDS: Score: 0.694 Related excerpt #8S6R7F: Circular economy, R-behaviours, sustainable materialism, reuse, rescue, recirculation 9. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.673 Related excerpt #P4K8SC: The transition towards a 'circular economy' has gained traction in the wake of a climate emergency and environmental crisis. As opposed to a linear take-make-dispose model, a circular economic paradigm has been touted as the solution to resource depletion and waste production by turning waste (i.e. outputs) into resources (i.e. inputs) for another production cycle. Such a transformation closes the circularity loop, which is realised via a range of R-behaviours (also called R-hierarchies or R-imperatives). Reike et al.'s (2018) hierarchy of circular R-behaviours, also called resource value retention options (ROs) include refuse (R0), reduce (R1), resell/reuse (R2), repair (R3), refurbish (R4), remanufacture (R5), repurpose (R6), recycle (material, R7), recover (energy R8) and re-mine (R9). They have divided their ten ROs into short, medium and long loops. Short loops (R0–R3) exist in proximity to the consumer. Medium loops (R4–R6) involve business networks for upgrading (e.g. refurbishing) a product that is indirectly linked to the consumer. Long loops (R7–R9) entail waste processing activities that are far removed from the consumer, with things being broken down and losing their original utility. 10. Source: There is no sustainable circular economy without a circular society (#GKZ9HP), Charlotte Jensen, Florian Hofmann, Jakob Zwiers, Melanie Jaeger-Erben, p. 0 Context: #W8RAJN There is no sustainable circular economy without a circular society Score: 0.682 Related excerpt #XC5NZN: A Circular Economy (CE) aims to keep non-renewable resources in permanent use through the establishment of technical and economic cycles, minimizing energy loss and de-materializing production and consumption. A major goal of associated political strategies, such as the European Green Deal and the European Circular Economy Action Plan is to decouple resource use from economic growth to generate sustainable systems of consumption and production (SCP). Recent critical reflections on the CE debate, however, highlight the missing concern for social sustainability and social transformation. It is critiqued that CE has been conceptualized as an ecological modernization project that builds on capitalist economic growth narratives (Hobson and Lynch, 2016). 11. Source: Critical Review of the role of Repair Cafes (#K52UPR), Mette Alberg Mosgaard, Rikke Marie Moalem, p. 2 Context: #2LH93T A Critical Review of the Role of Repair Cafés in a Sustainable Circular Transition #DGB5ZC 1. Introduction #CPEY6V Product Repair, Sustainability and Circular Economy Score: 0.688 Related excerpt #72MBD2: Circular economy (CE) is viewed as being an alternative to a traditional linear economy of ‘take-make-dispose’ [15]. Furthermore, CE is often presented in ‘discourses’ in relation to a sustainable future, with an aim to the accomplishment of sustainable development [10,16]. The term ‘sustainable development’ is a guiding principle for development containing three aims to be accomplished simultaneously: environmental quality, economic prosperity and social equity [17]. The concept of CE is connected to sustainability and sustainable development [18,19], and is important for its ability to attract both business and policy communities to sustainability work [20]. 12. Source: The Political Economy of Circular Economies: Lessons from Future Repair Scenario Deliberations in Sweden (#LB5ACW), Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen, p. 0 Context: #PA8RHN The Political Economy of Circular Economies: Lessons from Future Repair Scenario Deliberations in Sweden #Z2VAH4 Introduction Score: 0.682 Related excerpt #TTV6Z3: Ideas of circular and thus more sustainable economies are widely promoted in policy, industry, and academia worldwide [1–3]. In China, circular economy (CE) is presented as one strategy to tackle urgent problems with environmental degradation and natural resource availability [2], in the European Union, CE “will make a decisive contribution to achieving climate neutrality by 2050 and decoupling economic growth from resource use” [1, 13. Source: Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. (#NUEUVY), Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #N9U32S Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. #A5NUHL 1. Introduction: circular economy and Consumption Work Score: 0.702 Related excerpt #2NQ5LR: 'Circular Economy' (CE) is now central to debates and interventions that aim to transition systems towards greater environmental sustainability. While definitions abound, CE is commonly understood as transforming inter-linked production-consumption systems to ones 'where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible, and the generation of waste minimised' (European Commission, 2015: 2). Such transformations involve step-changes to industrial processes and product design, as well as reconfigured business models—for example from 'sale-and-ownership' to 'product service systems' (Mylan, 2015)—that in turn impact consumption patterns, practices and norms. Although sometimes presented as a new framework, CE has its roots in fields such as industrial ecology (e.g. Clift and Druckman, 2016); sustainable and 'cradle-to-cradle' design (McDonough and Braungart, 2002); and 'natural capitalism' (Hawken et al., 1999): fields with their own histories of debate, experimentation and implementation (Reike et al., 2018). 14. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 0 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #RRR7Y9 1. Introduction Score: 0.684 Related excerpt #5QVW6D: A circular economy (CE) aims at decoupling value creation from waste generation and resource use [1] by radically transforming production and consumption systems [2]. Most of the literature on the circular economy seems to focus on the production side, exploring circular business models [3], strategies to develop circular value propositions [4], and the benefits of such models [5]. Less attention seems to have been paid to how consumption and consumers would affect or be affected by the circular economy [2]. As suggested by Hobson et al. [6] the circular economy might translate into significant changes in people’s everyday lives, but there seems to be little understanding of such alterations in the scientific literature, and the policies promoting the circular economy [7]. Among such changes are the 15. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #CNF67G 1. Introduction Score: 0.726 Related excerpt #RHNFFH: A “circular economy” would turn goods that are at the end of their service life into resources for others, closing loops in industrial ecosystems and minimizing waste... It would change economic logic because it replaces production with sufficiency: reuse what you can, recycle what cannot be used, repair what is broken, remanufacture what cannot be repaired. (Stahel, 2016: 435) 16. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #7H9E6C KEYWORDS Score: 0.679 Related excerpt #EUZWN7: circular economy, material culture, object relations, repair, sharing, re-use, material flow 17. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #CNF67G 1. Introduction Score: 0.669 Related excerpt #PXJC8M: There are many definitions of the circular economy, but this quotation captures features that are widely shared. According to Stahel, a key figure in the field: 18. Source: Consumer engagement in the circular economy: Exploring clothes swapping in emerging economies from a social practice perspective (#UB9EAT), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 0 Context: #7Q7UZ6 Consumer engagement in the circular economy: Exploring clothes swapping in emerging economies from a social practice perspective #UAE2ZB 1 | INTRODUCTION Score: 0.686 Related excerpt #FKH6W5: Despite the interest shown by companies and governments in the idea of the circular economy, a system in which products, components, and materials are used multiple times through reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling before being disposed (Kirchherr, 19. Source: The limits of the loops: critical environmental politics and the Circular Economy (#UMYA27), Kersty Hobson, p. 2 Context: #WE2KWR The limits of the loops: critical environmental politics and the Circular Economy #8N33DB Introduction: Circular Economy as ‘weak’ sustainability rebooted? Score: 0.715 Related excerpt #SF6H7V: 'an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life' (Wrap 2019, no page) 20. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 0 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Score: 0.652 Related excerpt #ZUYWH3: Consumption plays a pivotal role in the transition to a circular economy (CE). The ways in which we, as consumers, buy and use products and services, how we take care of these through maintenance and repair, and how we get rid of and circulate things no longer needed or wanted are crucial for such a change towards a CE (Hobson et al., 2021; Sijtsma et al., 2020). ### 25. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 98 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #NA5VDS Performing circular consumption and its (im)possibilities Matching excerpt #7FDERL: So how do consumers perform circular consumption in this challenging landscape? With the findings of research paper 3 – Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing – and research paper 4 – Circular consumption and valuation work: Enacting circularity in everyday clothing practices – this dissertation highlights care and valuation work as specific aspects of circular practices that consumers try to draw on and perform for the successful performance of circular consumption. Understanding the enactment of care and the valuation work in circular practices adds further layers to our understanding of how consumers carry out the efforts involved with performing circular consumption in a landscape that is configured for linear modes of consumption. 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 98 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #GPW2WV Producing circular consumption and its (im)possibilities Matching excerpt #84VBJ9: consumption are often hidden behind the linear offerings. The (im)possibilities of circular consumption are produced in retail settings by keeping both linear and circular options available, with the former being the easier path to take. Thus, circular consumption is produced in retail settings in a way that is compatible with linear modes of consumption and that maintains the challenges of performing circular consumption while placing and keeping consumers in a moralised subject position to perform various modes of circular consumption, most often in their households. 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 87 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #AUQREL Research paper 2 #C2V6Q5 Title: Scripting Circular Consumption: The Role of Materiality in Consumer Responsibilization Matching excerpt #BHMVVF: How do then consumers try to manage the allocated tasks and responsibilities while performing circular consumption outside retail settings? The following two papers approach the question of circular consumption in households. Paper 3 sheds light on how care is enacted in circular consumption, while paper 4 draws out how consumers try to perform valuation work as part of circular consumption. 4. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 26 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #LZ9AW5 The challenges of circular consumption Matching excerpt #MC25VK: Against this background, further understanding is needed of how consumers manage to perform circular consumption in a landscape and everyday life that is organised for the linear mode of consumption. Thus, the current possibilities of circular consumption need to be explored in relation to everyday life and a consumption landscape that is socially, culturally and materially patterned for the linear, take-make-dispose logic. How and under what conditions is circular consumption possible to perform? How do consumers carry out the new forms of efforts and extend previous activities required for circular consumption? How do they manage different challenges that arise? And when do these challenges lead to failures of performing circular consumption? 5. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 24 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #E4Z6F8 The interdisciplinary research field of circular consumption #PZ5SEK Sociological circular consumption research2 Matching excerpt #Q3AT88: Lastly, the sociological research on circular consumption re-connects circular consumption to household settings. Compared to the behavioural circular consumption research, here the focus shifts to how circular consumption is performed within homes (Greene et al., 2024; Mylan et al., 2016). Mylan et al. (2016) argue that in early circular consumption research, the domestic sphere has been ignored, as consumption was considered merely the result of how things are labelled and marketed. By focusing on how circular consumption is performed in households, the research stream argues for capturing how circular consumption is implicated by practices taking place in households, such as the ones connected to the preparation of food and its connection to food waste or one-time use of plastic (Greene et al., 2024; Mylan et al., 2016; Rabiu and Jaeger-Erben, 2024). This is a considerable move away from behavioural circular consumption research, as it highlights that circular consumption is not only a matter of choosing circular offerings but also how things are being used and disposed of in everyday household practices. 6. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 83 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #EPQXDD Research paper 1 #QSCNH6 Title: Selling of care offerings and the ethicalisation of consumption Matching excerpt #QBFB9F: Taking these findings to sociological circular consumption research shows how circular consumption is produced through the notion of care. Studies started to engage with the moral and ethical dimension of circular consumption in households (Lehtokunnas et al., 2022; Mesiranta et al., 2024) and the ethics of care needed for circular consumption (Hobson et al., 2021), as well as how care and circularity are connected in green marketing (Heidenstrøm, 2025). This paper adds to these studies by showing how ethics and caring are socio-materially made to be central to the circular consumption that is produced in retail settings. The paper illustrates how shaping ethical consumption through care is part of the retailers’ circularity strategies and efforts to produce circular consumption. Thus, the findings illustrate that by producing circular consumption in retail settings, circular consumption becomes wrapped in care. In the selling of care offerings, the primary focus shifts from garments’ technical properties, aesthetic or use value, to how they should be taken care of to extend their lifetimes and make them more circular. The way these offerings are socio-materially prepared for exchange illustrates how specific, care-related forms of circular consumption are produced in retail settings. 7. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 89 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #786WQP Research paper 3 #86QEGH Title: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Matching excerpt #VP8FU5: We contribute to sociological circular consumption research that previously showed the ethical and consumption work involved with circular consumption (Hobson et al., 2021; Lehtokunnas et al., 2022; Närvänen et al., 2023; Sutcliffe, 2022), as well as the challenges of performing circular consumption (Åberg and Greene, 2024; Wethal and Hoff, 2024). In our study, we add to this research stream in several ways. We first show how care practices are intertwined with circular consumption, by illustrating how the work involved with circular consumption can be perceived as more meaningful through care, and how the challenges of circular consumption can, at least partly, be understood as problems in enacting the care practices. Second, with our findings, we add to the somewhat ignored social and relational aspects of performing circular consumption (see also Meißner, 2021; Morrow and Davies, 2022), by showing how participants cared for known or unknown others through performing circular clothing consumption. Lastly, with the findings on the problems and failures of enacting care practices, we show that it is not enough for consumers to be concerned and take responsibility for others. For care enactments, and hence for the performance of circular consumption, resources must be present. These resources were often lacking in the wider market arrangements. 8. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 101 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #92JYP3 Research contributions Matching excerpt #38HUMM: These overarching findings contribute to sociological circular consumption research and the broader sociology of consumption in three ways. The first area of contribution concerns how the work of consumers in the CE is produced in retail settings, adding a novel understanding to sociological circular consumption research on how retail settings shape circular consumption. The second contribution shows how care and valuation work are both integral to performing circular consumption, yet are challenged in various ways. This contributes further to sociological circular consumption research by providing nuance about what the performance of circular consumption entails and what is required for it to be enabled. Lastly, the third area of contribution involves extending these insights to the broader field of the sociology of consumption, offering further understanding of how the shift to less environmentally and socially damaging modes of consumption is limited by retail markets. In the following sections, I describe these three areas of contribution of the present dissertation. 9. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 55 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #M8A82T The overarching ‘practice theories’ approach to producing and performing consumption #T6A5TK Research paper 3 – Care-in-practice Matching excerpt #8M4WQC: This framework allows for understanding a specific aspect of how circular consumption is performed in household settings. It helps to outline how care is part of performing circular consumption. Moreover, with the paper's focus on both successful and failed enactments of care, a further understanding can be gained of how and why circular consumption fails in household settings. Hence, the findings of the paper outline the key role that successful and failed enactments of care play in the (im)possibilities of performing circular consumption in household settings. 10. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 27 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #P8XPUF Aim and research questions Matching excerpt #N7432Q: With this aim and research questions, I direct the analytical focus both to how circular consumption is produced in retail settings and how it is performed in household settings. With such a focus I set to shed further light on what form of actions retail settings allow for or impede, as well as what households do to manage the challenges of performing circular consumption in linear landscapes. Through this investigation I intend to contribute to studies on circular consumption (Greene et al., 2024; Hobson et al., 2021; Holmes, 2018; Mylan et al., 2016; Närvänen et al., 2023), by illustrating what consumers draw on to perform circular consumption and by adding knowledge on how retail settings take part in patterning circular consumption. 11. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 40 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #BDRQSR A practice theories approach to producing and performing circular consumption #SBM22B Circular consumption and the sociology of consumption Matching excerpt #6FKLDY: However, sociological circular consumption research has also started to address some less discussed aspects of sustainable consumption in everyday life and answer the call of situating consumption in wider societal shifts and economic processes (e.g., Evans, 2020; Warde, 2022). This is due to circular consumption being called for in relation to a wider economic reorganisation programme, i.e., the circular economy. Thus, circular consumption is closely connected to economic and market processes. The mapping of this connection has been commenced in circular consumption research, first and foremost through the notion of consumption work (Wheeler and Glücksmann, 2015a, 2015b) and its re-organisation due to this economic reorganisation programme (Hobson et al., 2021). 12. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 26 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #LZ9AW5 The challenges of circular consumption Matching excerpt #5YZB8A: Furthermore, there is another, less explored side to the challenges of circular consumption, which concerns the arrangement of the wider landscape within which circular consumption is to be brought about. Sociological circular consumption research mostly focuses on how consumers do circular consumption as part of household practices (e.g., Hebrok and Heidenstrom, 2019; Mylan et al., 2016). While there are some calls for discussing how different provisioning systems and institutional arrangements shape circular consumption (Greene et al., 2024), there is little empirical investigation and conceptualisation within this area (e.g., Holmes, 2018). As Hobson et al. (2021) argue there has been little focus on how the additional work moved to the sphere of consumption implicates consumers; what is expected of them, and what is made possible for them. 13. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 98 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #NA5VDS Performing circular consumption and its (im)possibilities Matching excerpt #LKTBF2: The second research question of this dissertation centred on how circular consumption is performed in household settings. This question has been formulated to contribute to sociological circular consumption research, regarding what consumers do to manoeuvre the challenges of doing circular consumption in a landscape (including their homes, but also the wider retail market arrangements) that is predominantly organised for the linear, take-make-dispose mode of consumption. Previous studies have pointed out that circular consumption is challenging in such an environment (e.g., Åberg and Greene, 2024; Rabin and Jaeger-Erben, 2024; Sutcliffe, 2022; Wethal and Hoff, 2024), yet relatively little attention has been paid to how consumers manoeuvre the challenges involved and what it is that consumers do to perform circular consumption (e.g., Lehtokunnas et al., 2022). 14. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 24 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #E4Z6F8 The interdisciplinary research field of circular consumption #PZ5SEK Sociological circular consumption research2 Matching excerpt #LYZTLD: materialities in circular consumption can also challenge the performance of circular consumption. Närvänen et al. (2023) show that in the assembling of circular clothing consumption, materialities can both support (with tools such as sewing machines) and impede (lacking recycling facilities, unsuitable textile properties) performing circular consumption. Similarly, Holmes (2018) explores how materialities are not only enablers but can also be “troubles” that “unsettle” circular consumption. Thus, the CE possibilities that can emerge are shaped by how the surrounding landscape 3 is socio-materially set up. This view de-centres human agency by arguing that different materialities take part in shaping what forms of circularities can emerge and which ones are hindered. 15. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 14 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Matching excerpt #HS25S8: Third, our analysis of caring in circular clothing practices highlights that the performance of circular consumption requires more than care awareness and responsibility-taking. Consumers also rely on care resources of different sorts. These resources, in turn, are often connected to and made available by wider market structures. This contributes to sociological circular consumption research, as it foregrounds how circular consumption is embedded and often shaped by wider market arrangements. As circular consumption research turns its attention to the home (for example, Greene et al, 2024), it is important to understand that performing different forms of circular consumption in the home is also embedded in a wider consumption landscape (Fuentes and Sörum, 2019). 16. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 14 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Matching excerpt #WPJ573: seriously. Previous studies on alternative forms of circular consumption – for instance, repair cafes (Meißner, 2021) or community composting (Morrow and Davies, 2022) – have begun to explore the collaborative and social elements involved in this mode of consumption. In our study, we extend these arguments by showing how caring for neighbours or future owners of garments was also a motivation for households to perform circular consumption. Furthermore, we highlight that caring for others was not only a motivation for performing circular consumption but also an outcome of its performance. Thus, caring for social others in circular consumption both shaped and reproduced social relations. These findings suggest that participating in circular consumption can cultivate ways of caring both for close and distant others. 17. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Matching excerpt #B6BCMX: In pursuing a practice approach to care and circular consumption, we align ourselves with the small but dynamic body of work exploring the social, cultural and economic practices and processes involved in the performance of circular consumption (Hobson et al, 2021; Rabiú and Jaeger-Erben, 2022; Greene et al, 2024). Among other things, this research has shown that circular consumption is deeply embedded in contemporary consumer culture and that the recirculation of goods is not necessarily driven by environmental values and can conversely lead to the normalisation of surplus (Gregson et al, 2013). Research in this vein has also emphasised the need to draw attention to the materialities involved in circular consumption and take into account how diverse circular consumption practices are both ‘socially and materially embedded in the choreographies of everyday life’ (Holmes, 2018: 146). Finally, sociological research has also drawn attention to the consumption work required of households to develop and maintain everyday circular consumption practices (Hobson et al, 2021; 18. Source: Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care (#BQ2W57), Elina Närvänen, Malla Mattila, Nina Mesiranta, Outi Koskinen, p. 0 Context: #NLZXGJ Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care #QC3DNJ Abstract Matching excerpt #BWGPV6: While a circular economy (CE) paradigm shift has gained significant momentum among academics, practitioners, and policymakers, theory regarding its social aspects remains scant , especially theory based on an ethical, micro-level perspective . Circular consumption, referring to those consumption practices that aim to extend the lifetimes of objects and materials, involves ethical considerations. However, everyday circular consumption and its ethics have not gained a foothold in the CE literature . This article builds on the existing circular consumption literature by drawing insights from the posthuman feminist theorising of care, shifting the focus of care from humans to the complex relations between humans and nonhumans and conceptualising circular consumption practices as matters of care . This conceptualisation, which follows a thinking-with-theory approach, is based on empirical material constructed in two research projects focusing on frontrunner consumers in terms of circular consumption in Finland: food waste reduction and circular clothing consumption. We identify circular consumption as care by introducing three distinct perspectives: care as tinkering, care as affective practices, and care as ethico-political action . We show that approaching circular consumption practices as matters of care, while not always easy or straightforward, is an attempt to make consumption better : more attentive, inclusive, durable, and enjoyable . Our findings emphasise the interconnected nature of circular practices, the constant performativity of circular consumption, and nonhumans as crucial stakeholders in care relations. Consequently, we offer an alternative to technocentric CE perspectives and a way to promote a sustainable world through care. 19. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 4 Context: #D6XSXA Theories of practice and the assembling of circular consumption Matching excerpt #FAP63W: Drawing on the theoretical framework outlined previously, we set out to examine various efforts to assemble circular consumption – efforts to assemble a specific type of sociomaterial arrangement that makes the performance of circular consumption possible. We discuss the arrangement and adjustment of the necessary elements to temporarily stabilise circular consumption arrangements. By examining the processes of assembling the necessary configurations of meanings, competencies, and materialities that make circular consumption possible, we can say something about the mechanisms and difficulties involved in enabling and thus catalysing circular consumption. 20. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 1 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Matching excerpt #ZAQHJX: In this chapter, we conceptualise and empirically illustrate the formation of circular consumption. We approach circular consumption not as a ready-made pattern that end users simply adopt when they make choices about products and services, but as a continuous process and performance. Drawing upon the sociomaterial perspective, we argue that the performance of circular consumption is both enabled and shaped by broader sociomaterial processes. To understand the role that consumers play as catalysts of circular consumption, we must first understand how and under what conditions circular consumption is made possible. Approximate matches 1. Source: From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City (#4AE86F), Kersty Hobson, p. 1 Context: #7TWE3G From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City #XUQXYU KEYWORDS Score: 0.682 Related excerpt #39YZES: Circular economy; consumption; practice theory 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 97 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #GPW2WV Producing circular consumption and its (im)possibilities Score: 0.741 Related excerpt #MSDZRR: In summary, circular consumption is produced in retail settings in a way that specifically calls consumers into action in a moralised manner and allocates them tasks that need to be performed beyond retail settings and the act of purchase, often as part of household chores. Yet, the possibilities to accomplish such tasks are limited as the different products and services offered for circular 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 27 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #P8XPUF Aim and research questions Score: 0.719 Related excerpt #QSAH7S: How is circular consumption produced in retail settings? (RQ 1) 4. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 27 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #P8XPUF Aim and research questions Score: 0.712 Related excerpt #5ATEYN: How is circular consumption performed in household settings? (RQ2) 5. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 27 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #P8XPUF Aim and research questions Score: 0.698 Related excerpt #HPYKEQ: What are the (im)possibilities of circular consumption? (RQ3) 6. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 7 Context: #V7X3B2 The (im)possibilities of circular consumption Score: 0.678 Related excerpt #86PD78: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings 7. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 19 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction Score: 0.678 Related excerpt #Y6RG69: Connected to these ambitions, a central goal has become to engage consumers in the circular economy (CE) and bring about circular consumption (e.g., Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013; European Commission, 2015). Performing circular consumption involves acquiring, using and disposing of goods in new ways. In the CE, consumers need to purchase differently, as according to circularity principles goods need to be acquired second-hand, from recycled sources or even accessed through rental services (Dissanayake and Weerasinghe, 2022; Machado et al., 2019). At the same time, consumers also need to use and dispose of their possessions differently, slowing the use of materials through repair and maintenance and ensuring reuse is equally important as closing material loops (Bocken et al., 2016; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). 8. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 84 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #EPQXDD Research paper 1 #QSCNH6 Title: Selling of care offerings and the ethicalisation of consumption Score: 0.664 Related excerpt #BGFVVB: The processes by which the production of circular consumption in retail settings further enhances and outlines the role of consumers in the circularity agenda is discussed in research paper 2. 9. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 98 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #GPW2WV Producing circular consumption and its (im)possibilities Score: 0.662 Related excerpt #84VBJ9: consumption are often hidden behind the linear offerings. The (im)possibilities of circular consumption are produced in retail settings by keeping both linear and circular options available, with the former being the easier path to take. Thus, circular consumption is produced in retail settings in a way that is compatible with linear modes of consumption and that maintains the challenges of performing circular consumption while placing and keeping consumers in a moralised subject position to perform various modes of circular consumption, most often in their households. 10. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 33 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #BDRQSR A practice theories approach to producing and performing circular consumption Score: 0.661 Related excerpt #2BT2GT: To understand how circular consumption is brought into being, it is relevant to consider how households' everyday routines and home infrastructures shape circular consumption possibilities. This can be addressed from a practice theoretical perspective, present in the sociology of consumption. However, this practice theoretical approach to consumption needs to be complemented with theoretical tools to further the understanding of how consumption in everyday 11. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 40 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #BDRQSR A practice theories approach to producing and performing circular consumption #SBM22B Circular consumption and the sociology of consumption Score: 0.657 Related excerpt #NWXTXB: The sociological research on circular consumption can be considered as a sub-stream of the present sociological research stream on sustainable consumption. Firstly, both research areas commonly draw on the practice approach to conceptualise consumption. As previously mentioned, sociological circular consumption research often takes a practice theory approach to explore how circular consumption is complicated in everyday practices (Mylan et al., 2016), or to map the practice elements of specific forms of circular consumption, such as clothes swapping (Camacho-Otero et al., 2020). Secondly, both the practice-based research on sustainable and circular consumption understand the unsustainability of consumption as an outcome of how everyday lives are socio-materially patterned and lived. As part of this, both areas of research have a shared focus on the sustainability of household practices, such as laundry and cooking, and its surrounding infrastructure (Hebrok and Heidenstrøm, 2019; Jack, 2017; Mylan et al., 2016; Mylan and Southerton, 2018). Households within these studies are often considered to be sites for enabling sustainability in consumption (Dubois et al., 2019; Evans, 2018) as well as sites for different circular activities (Greene et al., 2024), such as reuse and resale (Gregson et al., 2013), and repair (Gregson et al., 2009). 12. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Score: 0.688 Related excerpt #A42MYV: Circular consumption involves consumer practices that work towards extending product lifetimes and enabling multiple cycles of use and recycling (Mylan et al, 2016; Hobson, 2020; Sutcliffe, 2022). Accordingly, in a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Therefore, consumers are asked to care for their belongings (Ackermann, 2018; Jaeger-Erben et al, 2021; Rabiú and Jaeger-Erben, 2022) while at the same time care for the environment and future generations. Although seldom made explicit, consumer care is thus built into the circular economy project. For example, consumers are asked to care for packaging – recycle, wash and fold it – and sort it into the appropriate bins. Consumers are also asked to care for food, plan their food shopping, ‘rescue’ food close to its expiration date and make meals from leftovers to reduce food waste. Furthermore, as this article will explore in more detail, they are urged to repair their clothes, wash them sparingly, and protect them from wear and tear. All these prompts are aimed at not only caring for consumption objects but also at caring for the environment, the welfare of distant others and future generations. 13. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 11 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #TV3KCQ Results and analysis: care in performing circular clothing practices #K3DUA4 Care struggles Score: 0.67 Related excerpt #BNFT9M: The next example illustrates the importance of available infrastructure when performing circular consumption: 14. Source: Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care (#BQ2W57), Elina Närvänen, Malla Mattila, Nina Mesiranta, Outi Koskinen, p. 0 Context: #NLZXGJ Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care #88E4W4 Introduction Score: 0.663 Related excerpt #5KC3L5: In this study, we focus on everyday circular consumption and its ethics, which have rarely been considered in the CE literature (for exceptions, see Conduit et al., 2023; Lehtokunnas et al., 2022; Rabiu & Jaeger-Erben, 2022). This is surprising given that circular consumption entails various ethical considerations, trade-offs, and conflicts (Lehtokunnas et al., 2022; Sutcliffe, 2022) . Circular consumption refers to those consumption practices that are 15. Source: Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review (#PSBVW7), Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero, p. 0 Context: #HHKK3Q Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review #RRR7Y9 1. Introduction Score: 0.658 Related excerpt #5QVW6D: A circular economy (CE) aims at decoupling value creation from waste generation and resource use [1] by radically transforming production and consumption systems [2]. Most of the literature on the circular economy seems to focus on the production side, exploring circular business models [3], strategies to develop circular value propositions [4], and the benefits of such models [5]. Less attention seems to have been paid to how consumption and consumers would affect or be affected by the circular economy [2]. As suggested by Hobson et al. [6] the circular economy might translate into significant changes in people’s everyday lives, but there seems to be little understanding of such alterations in the scientific literature, and the policies promoting the circular economy [7]. Among such changes are the 16. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #D6XSXA Theories of practice and the assembling of circular consumption Score: 0.768 Related excerpt #KRBVR9: The previously discussed broad definition of consumption is important to the issue of circular consumption, as it includes not only the purchase and use of goods but also the processes and activities connected with the goods' (de)valuation and disposal or recirculation. Circular consumption is, in large, about recirculating goods through the phases of consumption. A consumption object, such as a piece of clothing, ideally moves in a CE through several rounds of acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation in several sets of different consumers' practices before it is finally used up. 17. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 1 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Score: 0.696 Related excerpt #ZAQHJX: In this chapter, we conceptualise and empirically illustrate the formation of circular consumption. We approach circular consumption not as a ready-made pattern that end users simply adopt when they make choices about products and services, but as a continuous process and performance. Drawing upon the sociomaterial perspective, we argue that the performance of circular consumption is both enabled and shaped by broader sociomaterial processes. To understand the role that consumers play as catalysts of circular consumption, we must first understand how and under what conditions circular consumption is made possible. 18. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 1 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Score: 0.66 Related excerpt #PJWFFY: In addition, the individualistic approach to circular consumption tends to overlook or de-emphasise the social and material patterning of consumption. As research has decisively shown, consumption is intertwined and embedded in the everyday practices performed by consumers (Warde, 2005). In the CE context, Mylan et al. (2016) suggested that research should pay more attention to consumers' everyday practices, including their skills and competencies, shared cultural meanings, and social norms, as well as material infrastructures. Although CE and circular consumption are largely about the reduction, reuse, and recycling of material resources, theories on sociomateriality are only beginning to enter the discussion (Lehtokunnas & Pyyhtinen, 2022; van der Velden, 2021). 19. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 0 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Score: 0.659 Related excerpt #ZUYWH3: Consumption plays a pivotal role in the transition to a circular economy (CE). The ways in which we, as consumers, buy and use products and services, how we take care of these through maintenance and repair, and how we get rid of and circulate things no longer needed or wanted are crucial for such a change towards a CE (Hobson et al., 2021; Sijtsma et al., 2020). 20. Source: ‘It will Keep Circulating’: Loving and Letting Go of Things in Swedish Second-hand Markets (#ZJUEY4), Anna Bohlin, p. 6 Context: #SSAEUN 'It will Keep Circulating': Loving and Letting Go of Things in Swedish Second-hand Markets #E744H2 Introduction #JNNA5N Coming Full Circle Score: 0.664 Related excerpt #QR9EJK: emerging 'circular economy', such popular notions of circularity have considerable implications for the study of second-hand consumption. If the stages of consumption (acquiring, living with, and disposing of second-hand goods) are investigated in isolation, one misses the sense in which people perceive pre-used goods as being on trajectories, and the extent to which motivation and desires at each of these stages is shaped by this consideration. In the case of second-hand consumption, then, the different phases are not just interlinked, but are typically seen as such by those involved. ### 26. Assistant We have a pretty strong circular economy / circular consumption cluster in the corpus. For your thesis, I’d sort it like this: ## 1. Core circular economy framing + critique These help define CE and critique the “closed loop” fantasy. - **Hobson — “Closing the loop or squaring the circle?”** #8ZKAT7 Good for the argument that CE is not just technical loop-closing; it needs attention to social/material arrangements and “generative spaces.” Useful for your line that circularity does not close by itself. - **Hobson — “The limits of the loops”** #UMYA27 Very useful for critical CE language. It includes the mainstream definition: keeping resources in use, extracting value, recovering/regenerating products at end of life (#SF6H7V). Good for setting up the limits of that imaginary. - **Shove & Rinkinen — “Material culture and the circular economy”** #R69WZQ Very close to your argument. It takes CE through material culture/object relations. The excerpt with Stahel’s definition is useful: CE would turn goods at end of service life into resources for others; “reuse what you can, recycle what cannot be used, repair what is broken…” (#RHNFFH). Good for your “objects do not just circulate; relations to objects must be reorganised” point. - **Jensen et al. — “There is no sustainable circular economy without a circular society”** #GKZ9HP Short but conceptually useful: CE cannot be only technical/economic cycles; it needs social transformation. This supports your claim that Brīvbode shows the social infrastructure and labour behind circularity (#XC5NZN). ## 2. Circular consumption and practice theory These are probably the backbone for your contribution. - **Camacho-Otero, Boks & Pettersen — “Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review”** #PSBVW7 This is the review article. It says CE research has focused more on production/business models than on consumption, and that less is known about how CE affects everyday life (#5QVW6D, #JGRGPR). It also identifies gaps around equity, power, and free labour transferred to consumers (#4DLFYA). Very useful for positioning your thesis. - **Hobson et al. / Welch et al. — “Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda”** #NUEUVY Essential for Chapter 5. It argues that CE debates underplay the labour required of “circular consumers” and asks who undertakes that work, to what ends, and how it is coordinated (#629UVN). This is one of your strongest theoretical anchors. - **Fuentes, Närvänen & Mesiranta — “The Assembling of Circular Consumption”** #Y3CFPX Very useful for your “kept moving” argument. It frames circular consumption not as a ready-made thing adopted by consumers, but as a continuous process/performance shaped by sociomaterial arrangements (#ZAQHJX). Also explicitly says CE depends on how people acquire, care for, get rid of, and circulate things (#ZUYWH3). - **Tölg dissertation — “The (im)possibilities of circular consumption”** #8EVNK8 Very relevant because it works on clothing, care, valuation, households, and the limits of performing circular consumption in a landscape still organised for linear consumption. Useful quote: circular consumption requires acquiring, using and disposing differently, including second-hand acquisition, repair, maintenance, and reuse (#Y6RG69). Also very good for “linear landscapes” and how circularity becomes an add-on rather than a break with linear consumption (#DK5UEU). ## 3. Care, ethics, and circularity These connect directly to your Chapter 5 and final conclusion. - **Fuentes & Tölg — “Care and circularity”** #AVNZLE Key source. It argues that consumer care is built into the CE project: people must care for belongings, packaging, food, clothes, the environment, future others, etc. (#A42MYV). It also shows circular clothing consumption requires care resources, not just responsibility (#HS25S8). Very strong for Brīvbode as care-dependent circularity. - **Mesiranta et al. — “Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care”** #BQ2W57 Also very useful. It reframes circular consumption as care: tinkering, affective practice, ethico-political action (#BWGPV6). This supports your “moral-material practice” language, though you may want to translate it into your own vocabulary. - **Isenhour & Reno — “On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care”** #CUWPC9 Good anthropological bridge. They warn that CE logics focused on efficiency can miss labour, affective energy, and value redefinition involved in reuse/repair (#Y8TS2B). Very Brīvbode. ## 4. Freecycling, swapping, reuse loops These are most directly comparable to Brīvbode. - **Yeoh & Tan — “Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements?”** #FHZZ6U Probably the closest empirical CE/freecycling comparison. It distinguishes short reuse loops from long recycling loops and foregrounds “rescue” and “recirculation” (#NKZQC2). Also useful for R-behaviours: refuse, reduce, reuse/resell, repair, etc., with short loops close to consumers (#P4K8SC). Good for showing Brīvbode as short-loop circularity. - **Eden — “Blurring the boundaries: Prosumption, circularity and online sustainable consumption through Freecycle”** #59QUM6 Good older Freecycle source. It links divestment to circularity and shows how objects move in and out of categories of value/waste (#7FG779). Useful for your value reclassification argument. - **Camacho-Otero et al. — “Consumer engagement in the circular economy: Exploring clothes swapping…”** #UB9EAT Directly on clothes swapping from a social practice perspective. Good for clothing swaps as circular practices rather than individual consumer choices. - **Počinková et al. — “Exploring the role of community-based enterprises in consumers’ voluntary clothing disposition via UK swapping events”** #TBPJS6 Useful for voluntary disposal/divestment and community-based swap infrastructures. This seems already woven into Chapter 4. - **Jučienė et al. — “Calculating the Environmental Impact Reduction Due to Extended Lifespan of Clothing Through Clothing Swaps”** #X8QHRR More quantitative/environmental impact angle. Useful only if you need a “yes, swaps can reduce impact if lifespan is extended” reference, but less central anthropologically. ## 5. Repair, reuse, and household labour These support the labour/maintenance side. - **Evans, Jackson & Beswick-Parsons — “Reuse practices and household consumption work”** #V9QTJP Very relevant. It argues that reuse systems depend on household labour: sourcing, preparing, maintaining, recirculating objects, and asks who/state/market/household does the work (#G26N4U). Excellent for Chapter 5 and conclusion. - **Mosgaard & Moalem — “A Critical Review of the Role of Repair Cafés in a Sustainable Circular Transition”** #K52UPR Useful if you need repair café literature as an adjacent community-based circular initiative. It frames repair within CE/sustainable transition (#72MBD2). - **McLaren, Niskanen & Anshelm — “Repair for a Broken Economy”** #4YG3VP Good critical repair source. It argues repair is political, temporal, subject-making, but CE discourse often under-recognises these dimensions (#4TVHFQ). - **McLaren & Niskanen — “The Political Economy of Circular Economies”** #LB5ACW More macro/political economy of repair and future scenarios. Good if you want to gesture to circular economies as contested imaginaries, but probably not necessary unless expanding the conclusion. ## 6. Second-hand / material culture / circulation of things Not always “CE” by title, but analytically important for your version of circularity. - **Bohlin — “‘It will Keep Circulating’”** #ZJUEY4 Very useful for second-hand things imagined as trajectories. It says if acquisition/living with/disposal are studied separately, we miss how people see pre-used goods as already circulating (#QR9EJK). This supports your whole chapter structure. - **Bohlin & Appelgren — “Growing in Motion”** #MBXQXR Strong for second-hand circulation as movement and value transformation. - **Bohlin & Appelgren — “Harnessing the Unruly”** #B3CVMW Useful because it explicitly situates reuse in CE debates and critiques the practical limits/evidence gaps of CE (#NRJXYE). - **Berry & Isenhour — “Still good life”** #3F4AVR Useful for reuse, value, and distributive labour. Good for arguing that redistribution is labour, not magic. - **Holmes — “New spaces, ordinary practices”** #XATD2A Very relevant for alternative provisioning and ordinary practices; already cited. Helpful for framing Brīvbode as familiar practices placed in new non-domestic infrastructures. ## Best stack for *your final conclusion* For the paragraph we were discussing — circularity as something that must be kept moving — I’d lean on: 1. **Hobson** for limits of loop/CE critique: #8ZKAT7, #UMYA27 2. **Shove & Rinkinen** for material culture/object relations in CE: #R69WZQ 3. **Welch et al. / Hobson et al.** for consumption work: #NUEUVY 4. **Fuentes, Tölg, Mesiranta/Närvänen** for care and circular consumption: #AVNZLE, #BQ2W57, #Y3CFPX 5. **Yeoh & Tan** for freecycling/short reuse loops: #FHZZ6U 6. **Bohlin** for second-hand trajectories: #ZJUEY4 That gives you a clean literature bridge: **CE critique → circular consumption as practice → consumption work/care → freecycling/reuse loops → Brīvbode’s ethnographic contribution.** ### 27. User can you do a little tour of the thesis bibliography and especially the most frequently cited and relied upon sources? ### 28. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "9GJAHS" ], "expand": false } ``` ### 29. Tool result: read SECTION #9GJAHS Document: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Context: #4V8VH7 Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Children: - #JTWV2Q paragraph - Akule, D., Milbreta, U. and Brizga, J. (2023) Collection and use of post-consumption textiles in Latvia. Riga: Green Liberty. - #APK3TR paragraph - Appadurai, A. (ed.) (1986) The social life of things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - #CPTV8C paragraph - Appelgren, S. and Bohlin, A. (2015) ‘Growing in motion: the circulation of used things on second-hand markets’, Culture Unbound, 7, pp. 143–168. - #7R3RKE paragraph - Askholm, A.S.M. (2024) ‘If I don’t do it, it feels wrong: embodying environmental ethical reflexivity through cultivation and enactment of practices’, Sustainability: Science, Pra… - #K8KXN3 paragraph - Assima, C., Herbert, M. and Robert, I. (2023) ‘Use it or lose it?: exploring the grey area of dormant possessions and the role of rituals in value dynamics of household objects’, … - #HYBUYH paragraph - Beswick-Parsons, R., Evans, D.M. and Jackson, P. (2025) ‘Reuse practices and household consumption work’, Social & Cultural Geography, 27(2), pp. 195–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/… - #DHF6T6 paragraph - Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - #4RABAB paragraph - Camacho-Otero, J., Pettersen, I.N. and Boks, C. (2020) ‘Consumer engagement in the circular economy: exploring clothes swapping in emerging economies from a social practice perspe… - #JNBSSG paragraph - Eden, S. (2017) ‘Blurring the boundaries: prosumption, circularity and online sustainable consumption through Freecycle’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 17(2), pp. 265–285. https://… - #S3YTB3 paragraph - Ehgartner, U. and Holmes, H. (2022) ‘Changing understandings of waste reduction and avoidance in moralities of thrift: a comparison of Mass Observers’ narratives three decades apa… - #WVDJ99 paragraph - Evans, D. (2020) ‘After practice? Material semiotic approaches to consumption and economy’, Cultural Sociology, 14(4), pp. 340–356. - #BR7XTP paragraph - Evans, D., McMeekin, A. and Warde, A. (2012) ‘Sustainable consumption, behaviour change policies and theories of practice’. In: Warde, A. and Southerton, D. (eds.) The habits of c… - #TJVD8Y paragraph - Hobson, K., Holmes, H., Welch, D., Wheeler, K. and Wieser, H. (2021) ‘Consumption work in the circular economy: a research agenda’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128969. htt… - #C8L8YQ paragraph - Hobson, K. (2020) ‘“Small stories of closing loops”: social circularity and the everyday circular economy’, Climatic Change, 163(1), pp. 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019… - #NYQXWE paragraph - Holmes, H. (2018) ‘New spaces, ordinary practices: circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning’, Geoforum, 88, pp. 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum… - #9M9D7K paragraph - Horton, K. (2020) 'Just use what you have: Ethical fashion discourse and the feminisation of responsibility', in Parkins, I. and Dever, M. (eds.) Fashion: New feminist essays. Rou… - #RKYQW8 paragraph - Isenhour, C. and Berry, B. (2020) ‘“Still good life”: on the value of reuse and distributive labor in “depleted” rural Maine’, Economic Anthropology, 7, pp. 293–308. https://doi.o… - #9V3STH paragraph - Giddens, A. (1984) The constitution of society. Cambridge: Polity Press. - #L2X3H2 paragraph - Gregson, N. (2007) Living with things: ridding, accommodation, dwelling. Wantage: Sean Kingston Publishing. - #DWW2K4 paragraph - Gregson, N., Metcalfe, A. and Crewe, L. (2007) ‘Moving things along: the conduits and practices of divestment in consumption’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers… - #VCM9ZD paragraph - Gurova, O. (2024) ‘Practice theory approach to Gen Z’s sustainable clothing consumption in Finland’, Young Consumers, 25(3), pp. 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-06-2023-1765 - #GHHDFX paragraph - Larsen, F. (2023) ‘Selling thrift: work practices in an American thrift store’, Journal of Business Anthropology, 12(1), pp. 37–55. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v12i1.6914 - #3HCC78 paragraph - Mesiranta, N., Mattila, M., Koskinen, O. and Närvänen, E. (2025) ‘Circular consumption practices as matters of care’, Journal of Business Ethics, 200, pp. 13–30. https://doi.org/1… - #BZQJQS paragraph - Miller, D. (1998) A theory of shopping. Cambridge: Polity Press. - #L2ZHSM paragraph - Miller, D. (2008) The comfort of things. Cambridge: Polity Press. - #T3EV8P paragraph - Nicolini, D. (2017) ‘Practice theory as a package of theory, method and vocabulary: affordances and limitations’. In: Jonas, M., Littig, B. and Wroblewski, A. (eds.) Methodologica… - #6JMQ9V paragraph - Počinkova, L., Henninger, C.E., Le Normand, A. and Blazquez Cano, M. (2023) ‘Exploring the role of community-based enterprises in consumers’ voluntary clothing disposition via UK … - #7VSKWC paragraph - Reno, J.O. (2016) Waste away: working and living with a North American landfill. Oakland: University of California Press. - #KBACMG paragraph - Sedlačko, M. (2017) ‘Conducting ethnography with a sensibility for practice’. In: Jonas, M., Littig, B. and Wroblewski, A. (eds.) Methodological reflections on practice-oriented t… - #RU2ER4 paragraph - Shove, E., Pantzar, M. and Watson, M. (2012) The dynamics of social practice: everyday life and how it changes. London: Sage. - #SA7WPJ paragraph - Shove, E. and Walker, G. (2010) ‘Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life’, Research Policy, 39(4), pp. 471–476. - #3CALAB paragraph - Shove, E. (2003) Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: the social organization of normality. Oxford: Berg. - #FGQUM8 paragraph - Sigaard, A.S. (2026) Want not, waste not: a practice-theoretical study of textile disposal in everyday life. PhD thesis. Oslo: Oslo Metropolitan University. - #VVF79Z paragraph - Smith, J. and Jehlička, P. (2013) ‘Quiet sustainability: fertile lessons from Europe’s productive gardeners’, Journal of Rural Studies, 32, pp. 148–157. - #EPX45B paragraph - Spaargaren, G. (2013) ‘The cultural dimension of sustainable consumption practices’. In: Cohen, M.J., Brown, H.S. and Vergragt, P.J. (eds.) Innovations in sustainable consumption.… - #V7Z8Y2 paragraph - Speck, M. and Hasselkuss, M. (2015) ‘Sufficiency in social practice: searching potentials for sufficient behavior in a consumerist culture’, Sustainability: Science, Practice and … - #6SDD7L paragraph - Tan, Q.H. and Yeoh, B.S.A. (2024) ‘Freecycling markets as sustainable materialist movements? Closing reuse circularity loops in Singapore’, Worldwide Waste, 7(1), pp. 1–14. https:… - #C84FMM paragraph - Tölg, R. and Fuentes, C. (2025) ‘Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing’, Consumption and Society, 4(2), pp. 213–2… - #74NCY4 paragraph - Warde, A. (2005) ‘Consumption and theories of practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5(2), pp. 131–153. - #UVK7TJ paragraph - Warde, A. and Southerton, D. (eds.) (2012) The habits of consumption. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. - #KJPCEP paragraph - Watson, D., Hvass, K.K., Moora, H., Martin, K., Nausėdė, V., Gurauskiene, I. and Akule, D. (2020) Post-consumer textile circularity in the Baltic countries: current status and rec… - #UBR9SS paragraph - Welch, D., Halkier, B. and Keller, M. (2020) ‘Introduction to the special issue: renewing theories of practice and reappraising the cultural’, Cultural Sociology, 14(4), pp. 325–3… - #AVZ5K4 paragraph - Welch, D. and Warde, A. (2015) ‘Theories of practice and sustainable consumption’. In: Reisch, L. and Thøgersen, J. (eds.) Handbook of research on sustainable consumption. Chelten… - #2HA496 paragraph - Wheeler, K. and Glucksmann, M. (2015) Household recycling and consumption work: social and moral economies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. - #2DH4UU paragraph - Widlok, T. (2017) Anthropology and the economy of sharing. London: Routledge. ### 30. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 20, "query": "Shove" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 20, "query": "Warde" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 20, "query": "Hobson" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 20, "query": "Wheeler Glucksmann" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 20, "query": "Miller" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_id": "4V8VH7", "limit": 20, "query": "Holmes" } ``` ### 31. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #ULSUAX Conclusion Matching paragraph #3JUPW7: Shove conceptualizes material entities as one of the core elements of practice, alongside meanings and competencies (Shove et al., 2012; Shove et al., 2007). Acknowledging the different roles that material entities can play, three categories of materiality are proposed: resources (consumables used up in practices), devices (objects directly mobilized during practices), and infrastructure (supporting systems not directly engaged) (Shove, 2016). 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? Matching paragraph #N4RD83: Practice theory, as developed by Elisabeth Shove, has been applied a lot to analyze stable, dominant, and largely unreflected practices that are taken for granted in everyday domestic routines (Shove 2003), particularly the inconspicuous consumption of energy and resources in affluent Western societies that drives resource use beyond planetary boundaries. Shove has even argued that “investigations into the beliefs and actions of self-confessed environmentalists represent something of a distraction. What counts is the big, and in some cases, global swing of ordinary, routinized and taken-for-granted practice…” (Shove, 2003: 9). 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #3CALAB: Shove, E. (2003) Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: the social organization of normality. Oxford: Berg. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #RU2ER4: Shove, E., Pantzar, M. and Watson, M. (2012) The dynamics of social practice: everyday life and how it changes. London: Sage. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #SA7WPJ: Shove, E. and Walker, G. (2010) ‘Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life’, Research Policy, 39(4), pp. 471–476. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice Matching paragraph #KSLB7G: A particularly influential contribution, especially in anthropological approaches to practice, is the work of Elisabeth Shove, Mika Pantzar and Matt Watson (2012) in which the authors offer a deliberately compact three-component framework for analysing practices: practice as entity. Shove and colleagues define a practice element frame consisting of meanings, materials, and competencies. “Meanings” refer to the ideas, aspirations, shared understandings and related values that give practice its purpose and make it intelligible for practitioners and guide how practices are performed. “Materials” refer to objects involved and used in practice, necessary technologies and infrastructure through which practices are enacted. It also refers to bodies and physicality. “Competencies” are the skills (across cognitive and physical realms) and practical knowledge necessary for participation in a practice, including understanding how to use objects, follow rules, and navigate social norms. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #M9WQLY CONCLUSION Matching paragraph #9DTFUU: Further research might –– move into constitution of need… (Shove and Rinkinen) In line with Warde (2005). Circular consumption is one thing, but does it matter how you get things if it’s still an overflow? 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice Matching paragraph #JCD8P5: Practices as entities can be distinguished from practices as performances: the specific, recurrent enactments through which practices are reproduced or transformed. Transformation and change comes through recombination of the elements of practice (Shove et al. 2012) – a complex process that is constantly evolving and difficult to predict. 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Matching paragraph #CLU5VP: Noting how meanings migrate across practices, Shove et al. (2012) mention how thrift, for example, is no longer expressed through darning socks at home – now a rather rare practice – but has moved, as Gregson (2007) shows, into methods and styles of disposal and divestment. Divesting responsibly has become one of the ways people sustain and recreate identity in relation to their things. 10. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? Matching paragraph #QTER48: Freecycling at Brīvbode sits at an interesting angle in this argument – it has both conventional and unconventional elements. It is not a widely shared, fully stabilised routine practice in Shove’s sense. Yet the practices it draws on – household divestment, secondhand acquisition, sequential use of goods – are not unusual in Riga or Latvia; what is less common is their organisation within a permanent, non-monetary exchange site. It is also a practice that is becoming more prevalent, as similar spaces and infrastructures appear more in Latvia. 11. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Matching paragraph #SNLDAM: The thesis draws on two main analytical frameworks. The first is practice theory, following Shove, Pantzar and Watson (2012) and other authors studying sustainable consumption practices. Freecycling is analysed as a practice-entity constituted by materials, meanings, and competencies. The second theoretical framework is Wheeler and Glucksmann's (2015) concept of consumption work that brings attention to the range of tasks required of consumers before or after the moment of exchange, on which consumption itself depends, especially within contexts of circular economy initiatives. It is extended here to include the volunteer labour of the freeshop and the divestment networks through which household surplus reaches it. Together these frameworks allow the thesis to attend to both what freecycling is as a recognisable social form, and what it costs in labour, skill, and care to sustain it. 12. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Matching paragraph #437SCH: There is also a particular affinity between consumption and sustainability studies. Welch and Warde (2015) identify three reasons for it. Firstly, much of the environmental impact of consumption stems from routine practices – such as showering or doing laundry – that involve significant, yet often unnoticed, use of energy and resources (Shove, 2003). For such inconspicuous, resource intensive practices analysis of consumption as symbolic display and presentation of self that was more prevalent in consumption studies before is less relevant than attention to the material and social arrangements that sustain them. Secondly, because goods and services are primarily used for the accomplishment of social practices rather than for consumption per se. Thirdly, practice theory can provide a way out of discussions of the “value–action” gap – the persistent discrepancy between reportedly pro-environmental values which by contrast are not reflected in a person’s behaviour – by redirecting focus on the ways resource intensive practices capture and retain their practitioners. 13. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice Matching paragraph #QPWYY6: Delineating a practice and setting it apart from adjacent practices can be one of the challenges in practice theory, as there are no fixed procedural rules for determining exactly where one practice ends and another begins. Nicolini (2017: 26-27) notes that, while for analytical purposes, practices can be conceived and examined individually, empirically they are always encountered in arrays and multiplicities. Practices “hang together” in bundles and complexes (Shove et al. 2012), distinguished by the density and “stickiness” of their patterns. Practice bundles refer to the more loose-knit relations between practices, often gathered around the same site or time – practices that are related and shape each other but not strongly. Complexes refer to more integrated combinations that can also constitute new practice entities if the relations become significantly denser. In this thesis, I analyse freecycling in Brīvbode as a practice entity and as performed, while recognising the emerging state of freecycling as a practice in Latvia. Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.399 Related paragraph #RU2ER4: Shove, E., Pantzar, M. and Watson, M. (2012) The dynamics of social practice: everyday life and how it changes. London: Sage. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.397 Related paragraph #SA7WPJ: Shove, E. and Walker, G. (2010) ‘Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life’, Research Policy, 39(4), pp. 471–476. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #ULSUAX Conclusion Score: 0.386 Related paragraph #3JUPW7: Shove conceptualizes material entities as one of the core elements of practice, alongside meanings and competencies (Shove et al., 2012; Shove et al., 2007). Acknowledging the different roles that material entities can play, three categories of materiality are proposed: resources (consumables used up in practices), devices (objects directly mobilized during practices), and infrastructure (supporting systems not directly engaged) (Shove, 2016). 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.371 Related paragraph #3CALAB: Shove, E. (2003) Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: the social organization of normality. Oxford: Berg. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? Score: 0.364 Related paragraph #N4RD83: Practice theory, as developed by Elisabeth Shove, has been applied a lot to analyze stable, dominant, and largely unreflected practices that are taken for granted in everyday domestic routines (Shove 2003), particularly the inconspicuous consumption of energy and resources in affluent Western societies that drives resource use beyond planetary boundaries. Shove has even argued that “investigations into the beliefs and actions of self-confessed environmentalists represent something of a distraction. What counts is the big, and in some cases, global swing of ordinary, routinized and taken-for-granted practice…” (Shove, 2003: 9). 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.294 Related paragraph #CLU5VP: Noting how meanings migrate across practices, Shove et al. (2012) mention how thrift, for example, is no longer expressed through darning socks at home – now a rather rare practice – but has moved, as Gregson (2007) shows, into methods and styles of disposal and divestment. Divesting responsibly has become one of the ways people sustain and recreate identity in relation to their things. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #M9WQLY CONCLUSION Score: 0.276 Related paragraph #9DTFUU: Further research might –– move into constitution of need… (Shove and Rinkinen) In line with Warde (2005). Circular consumption is one thing, but does it matter how you get things if it’s still an overflow? 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #ULSUAX Conclusion Score: 0.257 Related paragraph #2G2WSX: PIEVIENOT 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? Score: 0.249 Related paragraph #QTER48: Freecycling at Brīvbode sits at an interesting angle in this argument – it has both conventional and unconventional elements. It is not a widely shared, fully stabilised routine practice in Shove’s sense. Yet the practices it draws on – household divestment, secondhand acquisition, sequential use of goods – are not unusual in Riga or Latvia; what is less common is their organisation within a permanent, non-monetary exchange site. It is also a practice that is becoming more prevalent, as similar spaces and infrastructures appear more in Latvia. 10. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Score: 0.247 Related paragraph #2TPNCM: The physical experience of overflow is a constant of volunteering, and bags often arrive faster than they can be processed. Often my task during shifts was to sort and put out children’s items. The boxes were already full, with piles forming, when I asked Rasa: 'Don't you feel like the things are just pouring down on you?' 'Yes, that's why I no longer have any tolerance for things. I realise I feel relief that these clothes are dirty, because there simply isn't any more space." 11. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #PBFQ5E Where It Begins: The Site as Active Flow Score: 0.237 Related paragraph #SUZYLN: However, sorting is done “on the spot” and in the same room, and things move fast. As Larsen (2023) observes, in thrift shops, practices are often characterized by a "reversal" of standard economic logic, where the goal is to move things along as quickly as possible rather than to maximize the profit per individual item. This can also be said about Brīvbode – there’s excitement about things moving quickly. 12. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.23 Related paragraph #AB93FC: Moving home, renovation, seasonal clearing, and sorting through a deceased relative’s belongings generate larger pulses of divestment. Participants described sorting through an entire previous owner’s life when buying a flat, routing things to Brīvbode and to friends when downsizing, helping relatives to divest after moving home. 13. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.224 Related paragraph #9CFEH4: Divestment is normalised and sought after. As Brīvbode manager Rasa observed: "Often we're simply a place to dump it all and go buy new things." In this view, Brīvbode appears as evidence of the structural conditions it aspires to address rather than a solution to them. There is tension present in Brīvbode between the swapshop as an alternative caring system and as a low-threshold overflow channel, and this tension does not resolve easily. 14. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.217 Related paragraph #V83RLN: The act of bringing things to Brīvbode performs moral work that throwing away does not – it can relieve guilt of having acquired unnecessarily, maintain the identity of a responsible consumer, and transfer some of the responsibility for what happens next to the swapshop. Divesting well and finding a route that feels appropriate to the object's remaining value is itself a practice with normative dimensions: there are right and wrong ways to let things go, and Brīvbode offers one of the right ways. 15. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.217 Related paragraph #DWW2K4: Gregson, N., Metcalfe, A. and Crewe, L. (2007) ‘Moving things along: the conduits and practices of divestment in consumption’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32(2), pp. 187–200. 16. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Score: 0.208 Related paragraph #VLCJ6H: This expanded definition of consumption to include detachment (divestment, disposal) is at the basis of this thesis. Brīvbode can thus be understood as a consumption site in both directions: people come to divest goods that have reached the end of their household life, and they come to acquire goods that may be entering a new phase of their biography. The swapshop is a node in the ordinary circulation of goods through domestic life, distinguished by its non-monetary character and physical permanence. 17. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #2JEZWG Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home Score: 0.208 Related paragraph #4G43HR: The same logic that makes divestment easy also can make Brīvbode available as a pressure valve. Fast fashion sometimes arrives with tags still attached; one participant brought clothing she had purchased online – after it did not fit she arranged a return, and was told by the company to donate it rather than send it back – the retailer in this case is routing their surplus to volunteers to manage. 18. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice Score: 0.208 Related paragraph #KSLB7G: A particularly influential contribution, especially in anthropological approaches to practice, is the work of Elisabeth Shove, Mika Pantzar and Matt Watson (2012) in which the authors offer a deliberately compact three-component framework for analysing practices: practice as entity. Shove and colleagues define a practice element frame consisting of meanings, materials, and competencies. “Meanings” refer to the ideas, aspirations, shared understandings and related values that give practice its purpose and make it intelligible for practitioners and guide how practices are performed. “Materials” refer to objects involved and used in practice, necessary technologies and infrastructure through which practices are enacted. It also refers to bodies and physicality. “Competencies” are the skills (across cognitive and physical realms) and practical knowledge necessary for participation in a practice, including understanding how to use objects, follow rules, and navigate social norms. ### 32. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Matching paragraph #C6LN2K: Warde’s (2005) paper “Consumption and theories of practice” is widely regarded as the first programmatic application of practice theory to consumption studies (Welch & Warde 2015). Its central contribution was to reconceptualise consumption as "not itself a practice but rather a moment in almost every practice" (Warde 2005: 137). Warde conceptualizes consumption not as a separate domain of social life organised around the acquisition of goods, but as an integral component of social practices through which people organize their daily lives. People consume in the course of doing other things: e.g. maintaining a household, raising children, managing seasonal change, responding to gifts received, keeping warm, eating, moving around. As Warde (2005: 146) puts it, from this perspective “the concept of ‘the consumer’ ... evaporates. Instead the key focal points become the organization of the practice and the moments of consumption enjoined.” 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #BR7XTP: Evans, D., McMeekin, A. and Warde, A. (2012) ‘Sustainable consumption, behaviour change policies and theories of practice’. In: Warde, A. and Southerton, D. (eds.) The habits of consumption. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, pp. 113–129. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice Matching paragraph #A2ACVP: While varied definitions of social practice exist, Warde suggests a minimal definition: “An organized, and recognizable, socially shared bundle of activities that involves the integration of a complex array of components: material, embodied, ideational and affective. Practices are sets of ‘doings and sayings’; they involve both practical activity and its representations" (Warde, 2005: 134). 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #74NCY4: Warde, A. (2005) ‘Consumption and theories of practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5(2), pp. 131–153. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #UVK7TJ: Warde, A. and Southerton, D. (eds.) (2012) The habits of consumption. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #AVZ5K4: Welch, D. and Warde, A. (2015) ‘Theories of practice and sustainable consumption’. In: Reisch, L. and Thøgersen, J. (eds.) Handbook of research on sustainable consumption. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 84–100. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #M9WQLY CONCLUSION Matching paragraph #9DTFUU: Further research might –– move into constitution of need… (Shove and Rinkinen) In line with Warde (2005). Circular consumption is one thing, but does it matter how you get things if it’s still an overflow? 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #ULSUAX Conclusion Matching paragraph #ER4VSA: In sociology, the study of consumption has evolved through three major phases: an early focus on economistic models prior to the 1980s; the ‘cultural turn’ of the early 1980s, which emphasized meaning-making, identity, and symbolic value; and, more recently, a ‘practice turn’ that reorients attention toward the routines, materialities, and shared norms of everyday life (Warde, 2014, 2015). 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? Matching paragraph #3RASYG: Yet as Welch and Warde (2015) note, this strategic move away from environmentalists’ motivations has come at a cost, leading to a neglect of the cultural dimensions of sustainable consumption (Spaargaren 2013). Other authors have argued for a greater attention to non-hegemonic practices that serve as alternatives to mass consumption (e.g. Speck and Hasselkuss 2015). Practice theories are useful here too, as a tool for understanding how more sustainable alternatives might become normalised or integrated into existing consumption routines. 10. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #LYTS7L Research methodology: A Practice Freecycle #U3GSXB Ethnography of Practice Matching paragraph #AL93KK: Following Warde's (2005) argument that consumption is best understood as a moment within practices rather than a practice in itself, the focus in this thesis is on circulation of household goods – the ongoing movement of things through domestic life through acquisition, storage, care, and divestment – with Brīvbode as a site where several of these practice moments converge and become visible and acknowledged within a specific non-monetary mode of exchange. Brīvbode is, in Nicolini's (2017: 28) terms, a nexus: "a scene of action where several practices intersect and are knotted together." 11. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Matching paragraph #437SCH: There is also a particular affinity between consumption and sustainability studies. Welch and Warde (2015) identify three reasons for it. Firstly, much of the environmental impact of consumption stems from routine practices – such as showering or doing laundry – that involve significant, yet often unnoticed, use of energy and resources (Shove, 2003). For such inconspicuous, resource intensive practices analysis of consumption as symbolic display and presentation of self that was more prevalent in consumption studies before is less relevant than attention to the material and social arrangements that sustain them. Secondly, because goods and services are primarily used for the accomplishment of social practices rather than for consumption per se. Thirdly, practice theory can provide a way out of discussions of the “value–action” gap – the persistent discrepancy between reportedly pro-environmental values which by contrast are not reflected in a person’s behaviour – by redirecting focus on the ways resource intensive practices capture and retain their practitioners. 12. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Matching paragraph #N7QTYJ: This thesis aligns with practice theoretical perspectives on sustainable consumption that attend to the full cycle of goods through domestic life – considering not only the goods and materials people acquire, but also divestment and disposal (Ehgartner and Holmes, 2022). For example, Evans (2020) responds to this by proposing an expanded definition of consumption as a process involving multiple moments beyond acquisition. Following Warde (2005), he identifies appropriation – the use, personalisation, and incorporation of goods into everyday life – and appreciation – the personal and symbolic frameworks through which goods are evaluated and enjoyed. To these he adds three further moments: devaluation, the loss of economic or symbolic value; divestment, the loss of personal meaning and the unravelling of attachments; and disposal, the physical act of getting rid of things (Evans 2020: 345). Taken together, these six moments constitute consumption as a full cycle rather than a single event. Evans notes that a case could be made for simplifying this further, though – replacing the three acquisition related moments with a single concept of attachment, and the three divestment related moments with detachment ¬ a formulation that captures the emotional and relational dimensions of both acquiring and letting go (Evans, 2020: 347). Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.503 Related paragraph #74NCY4: Warde, A. (2005) ‘Consumption and theories of practice’, Journal of Consumer Culture, 5(2), pp. 131–153. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.463 Related paragraph #UVK7TJ: Warde, A. and Southerton, D. (eds.) (2012) The habits of consumption. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Score: 0.392 Related paragraph #C6LN2K: Warde’s (2005) paper “Consumption and theories of practice” is widely regarded as the first programmatic application of practice theory to consumption studies (Welch & Warde 2015). Its central contribution was to reconceptualise consumption as "not itself a practice but rather a moment in almost every practice" (Warde 2005: 137). Warde conceptualizes consumption not as a separate domain of social life organised around the acquisition of goods, but as an integral component of social practices through which people organize their daily lives. People consume in the course of doing other things: e.g. maintaining a household, raising children, managing seasonal change, responding to gifts received, keeping warm, eating, moving around. As Warde (2005: 146) puts it, from this perspective “the concept of ‘the consumer’ ... evaporates. Instead the key focal points become the organization of the practice and the moments of consumption enjoined.” 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.375 Related paragraph #AVZ5K4: Welch, D. and Warde, A. (2015) ‘Theories of practice and sustainable consumption’. In: Reisch, L. and Thøgersen, J. (eds.) Handbook of research on sustainable consumption. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 84–100. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #Q2WXHP Theories of Practice Score: 0.374 Related paragraph #A2ACVP: While varied definitions of social practice exist, Warde suggests a minimal definition: “An organized, and recognizable, socially shared bundle of activities that involves the integration of a complex array of components: material, embodied, ideational and affective. Practices are sets of ‘doings and sayings’; they involve both practical activity and its representations" (Warde, 2005: 134). 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.355 Related paragraph #BR7XTP: Evans, D., McMeekin, A. and Warde, A. (2012) ‘Sustainable consumption, behaviour change policies and theories of practice’. In: Warde, A. and Southerton, D. (eds.) The habits of consumption. Helsinki: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, pp. 113–129. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Score: 0.328 Related paragraph #AAQERW: SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #LYTS7L Research methodology: A Practice Freecycle #VMQSHJ Participant observation Score: 0.322 Related paragraph #YD6JGF: Diary 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #WULWDF Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? Score: 0.305 Related paragraph #3RASYG: Yet as Welch and Warde (2015) note, this strategic move away from environmentalists’ motivations has come at a cost, leading to a neglect of the cultural dimensions of sustainable consumption (Spaargaren 2013). Other authors have argued for a greater attention to non-hegemonic practices that serve as alternatives to mass consumption (e.g. Speck and Hasselkuss 2015). Practice theories are useful here too, as a tool for understanding how more sustainable alternatives might become normalised or integrated into existing consumption routines. 10. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #LYTS7L Research methodology: A Practice Freecycle #ZXRYYU The site Score: 0.287 Related paragraph #WRPU8M: For most of the years of its operation, Brīvbode has been managed by Rasa, a woman in her thirties with a background in the cultural sector and a wide network of contacts in Riga's creative communities – she is the driving force of Brīvbode. A stable team of volunteers cover the shifts: every opening day has a day manager in charge of the shift and helpers who assist on a more flexible basis. Rasa manages Thursdays, and Viesturs – a resident of the quarter – covers Fridays, fulfilling his volunteer hour obligation in this way. 11. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.282 Related paragraph #2DH4UU: Widlok, T. (2017) Anthropology and the economy of sharing. London: Routledge. 12. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.278 Related paragraph #2HA496: Wheeler, K. and Glucksmann, M. (2015) Household recycling and consumption work: social and moral economies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 13. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode Score: 0.274 Related paragraph #DM28T4: Rasa, the principal manager of Brīvbode, compared the swapshop’s operation to the flight of a bumblebee: while seemingly defying the laws of aerodynamics, it nevertheless continues to fly. This chapter examines the work that keeps Brīvbode running. Where the previous chapter examined freecycling as a practice – its venues, materials, meanings, and competencies, and the moral economy through which they cohere – this chapter turns to what that practice costs and to the people who pay it: in time, skill, and effort, and in the relational and ethical attention that the tasks of circulation demand. That labour is largely unpaid, unevenly distributed, and absorbed into existing practices of household management. ### 33. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #C8L8YQ: Hobson, K. (2020) ‘“Small stories of closing loops”: social circularity and the everyday circular economy’, Climatic Change, 163(1), pp. 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02480-z 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #TJVD8Y: Hobson, K., Holmes, H., Welch, D., Wheeler, K. and Wieser, H. (2021) ‘Consumption work in the circular economy: a research agenda’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128969 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Matching paragraph #J4M2WK: We live in a context of overproduction where managing the flow of things in households becomes both a practical and a moral problem. In the case of textiles in particular, large quantities of clothing circulate through markets at increasing speed while average use time continues to decline. Circular economy policies increasingly position reuse and extended product lifetimes as solutions, yet the success of it depends on everyday practices that are labour-intensive and socially uneven (Hobson et al. 2021). 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route Matching paragraph #EW2HC4: Along this chain, unpaid volunteering, household management, neighbourly help, care work, and informal exchange come together in ways that blur distinctions between market and non-market activity and make the labour difficult to recognise as work at all, even though the system depends on it. This is precisely the kind of community-based care that, as Mesiranta et al. (2025) argue, marketised arrangements cannot perform: sequential reuse depends not on material availability alone but on what Hobson (2020) calls social circularities — the relational labour that keeps things moving between people. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Matching paragraph #BTDD45: Hobson et al. (2021) argue that research into circular economy consumption work must “move beyond the domestic sphere and space of the household” to examine consumption-based practices in other spaces, including Repair Cafés and community-based circular economy models, whether or not these are explicitly labelled as such. Brīvbode is such a space: a semi-public site where the ordinarily private labour of divestment and acquisition becomes visible and socially acknowledged, and where volunteer labour — sorting, curating, maintaining quality standards, and managing social dynamics — sustains the infrastructure through which things continue to circulate. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #75D5UH Conclusion Matching paragraph #HM56MD: Circular consumption requires substantial labour, and that labour is unevenly distributed. Sustainability of initiatives like Brīvbode depends on a structural condition – the sufficiency-oriented, time-rich, predominantly female volunteer and participant base that circular economy policy rarely names or supports (Hobson et al., 2021). Some of this labour is unreflexive and habituated – Aiga's inner feeling that prevents easy disposal, Marija's building logistics naturalised into her social role. Some is deliberate and effortful – Kristīne's category-by-category method, Madara working on her impulse-acquiring. Both are labour, but they are differently visible, and the unreflexive forms are the hardest to see and the hardest for policy to reach. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Matching paragraph #ZBGB9J: Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) contend that secondhand markets involve consumption work – sorting, cleaning, repairing. “Consumption work”, for them, refers to the range of tasks required of consumers, before or after they consume, on which consumption itself is predicated – the work that must be done before or after the moment of exchange for consumption to be possible at all. Their framework encompasses technical dimensions – the allocation of tasks and skills to different people; modal dimensions – interdependencies of work across different social and economic arrangements; and processual dimensions – the connections of labour across the full span of a consumption process (Wheeler & Gluckmann, 2015: 35-36). In circular economy contexts, Hobson et al. (2021) argue, this work intensifies: responsible divestment requires more effort than simply throwing things away, and the additional demands fall disproportionately on those who are already doing most of the household management work. 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Matching paragraph #92SD6X: [“Recent research at the intersection of practice theory and circular consumption has begun to foreground the labour involved in sustaining material circulation. Drawing on a practice-theoretical approach, Réka Tölg shows that circular consumption – particularly in the context of clothing – relies on the ongoing enactment of care in everyday practices. This involves not only acquiring and using garments, but also maintaining, repairing, and eventually parting with them in ways that enable their continued circulation. Such practices require the development of skills, awareness, and a sense of responsibility, and are often shaped by socio-material arrangements in both household and retail contexts. At the same time, Tölg highlights that these practices are not straightforward to accomplish, but are characterised by tensions, dilemmas, and constraints within systems still largely organised around linear consumption. In this sense, circular consumption can be understood not as a simple behavioural shift, but as an ongoing accomplishment that entails effort, coordination, and engagement – what has been conceptualised elsewhere as “consumption work” (Hobson et al., 2021).”] Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.389 Related paragraph #C8L8YQ: Hobson, K. (2020) ‘“Small stories of closing loops”: social circularity and the everyday circular economy’, Climatic Change, 163(1), pp. 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02480-z 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.352 Related paragraph #TJVD8Y: Hobson, K., Holmes, H., Welch, D., Wheeler, K. and Wieser, H. (2021) ‘Consumption work in the circular economy: a research agenda’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128969 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.346 Related paragraph #NYQXWE: Holmes, H. (2018) ‘New spaces, ordinary practices: circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning’, Geoforum, 88, pp. 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.022 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9XAKTW Keeping Things Moving: Brīvbode as a Practice of Circulation #7Z8WUY Letting Go: Attachment Without Price Score: 0.343 Related paragraph #PYSU33: (moral economies of access and restraint) 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.335 Related paragraph #3CALAB: Shove, E. (2003) Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: the social organization of normality. Oxford: Berg. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route Score: 0.327 Related paragraph #EW2HC4: Along this chain, unpaid volunteering, household management, neighbourly help, care work, and informal exchange come together in ways that blur distinctions between market and non-market activity and make the labour difficult to recognise as work at all, even though the system depends on it. This is precisely the kind of community-based care that, as Mesiranta et al. (2025) argue, marketised arrangements cannot perform: sequential reuse depends not on material availability alone but on what Hobson (2020) calls social circularities — the relational labour that keeps things moving between people. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.314 Related paragraph #DWW2K4: Gregson, N., Metcalfe, A. and Crewe, L. (2007) ‘Moving things along: the conduits and practices of divestment in consumption’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32(2), pp. 187–200. 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #M9WQLY CONCLUSION Score: 0.314 Related paragraph #HMDEDU: Brīvbode's moral economy is negotiated, situational practice where the meaning of "right circulation" is worked out in real time rather than determined in advance. 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route Score: 0.313 Related paragraph #RCC9LM: The modal choice is therefore also an ethical one. Brīvbode’s particular configuration of unpaid, informal, household-to-household labour is what allows consumption work to be performed as care, and care to be performed as a recognisable mode of circulation. ### 34. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #2HA496: Wheeler, K. and Glucksmann, M. (2015) Household recycling and consumption work: social and moral economies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Matching paragraph #8JYYXC: Wheeler and Glucksmann's processual dimension attends to how labour is distributed across the full span of a consumption process. In Brīvbode, this dimension is most visible in the extended divestment networks through which household surplus reaches the swapshop. The work that sustains Brīvbode is continuous with domestic consumption work which is consistently organised through women's labour. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Matching paragraph #ZBGB9J: Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) contend that secondhand markets involve consumption work – sorting, cleaning, repairing. “Consumption work”, for them, refers to the range of tasks required of consumers, before or after they consume, on which consumption itself is predicated – the work that must be done before or after the moment of exchange for consumption to be possible at all. Their framework encompasses technical dimensions – the allocation of tasks and skills to different people; modal dimensions – interdependencies of work across different social and economic arrangements; and processual dimensions – the connections of labour across the full span of a consumption process (Wheeler & Gluckmann, 2015: 35-36). In circular economy contexts, Hobson et al. (2021) argue, this work intensifies: responsible divestment requires more effort than simply throwing things away, and the additional demands fall disproportionately on those who are already doing most of the household management work. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode Matching paragraph #EF5DET: The chapter is organized by two complementary registers. Consumption work (Wheeler and Glucksmann 2015) names the tasks the practice demands – acquiring, sorting, maintaining, divesting, transporting – and tracks how they are distributed across technical, modal, and processual dimensions of the division of labour. Care work, in the feminist tradition and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), names the relational and ethical orientation through which participants take this labour on, often without recognising it as work at all. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Matching paragraph #SNLDAM: The thesis draws on two main analytical frameworks. The first is practice theory, following Shove, Pantzar and Watson (2012) and other authors studying sustainable consumption practices. Freecycling is analysed as a practice-entity constituted by materials, meanings, and competencies. The second theoretical framework is Wheeler and Glucksmann's (2015) concept of consumption work that brings attention to the range of tasks required of consumers before or after the moment of exchange, on which consumption itself depends, especially within contexts of circular economy initiatives. It is extended here to include the volunteer labour of the freeshop and the divestment networks through which household surplus reaches it. Together these frameworks allow the thesis to attend to both what freecycling is as a recognisable social form, and what it costs in labour, skill, and care to sustain it. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route Matching paragraph #SZG4E8: If §5.2 traced the valuation work the absence of price creates, this section turns to the kind of arrangement in which that work takes place. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s modal dimension names how labour is distributed across different socioeconomic arrangements — paid and unpaid, formal and informal, market and non-market, household and institution — and how the same task takes on a different character depending on which arrangement it is embedded in. The same act of sorting used clothes is paid retail work in a thrift chain, contracted labour at a municipal textile collection point, unpaid domestic labour at home, and something else again at Brīvbode. The question this section asks is what kind of arrangement Brīvbode is, modally speaking, and what difference its form makes for the labour that runs it and the people it recruits. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Matching paragraph #PNGSGT: Miller's (1998) research on shopping demonstrates that consumption is often organised around care for others rather than individual satisfaction, and that women frequently function as moral agents in household consumption as they are the ones acquiring, managing, and disposing of goods in relation to the needs of children, partners, and wider social networks. Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) find the same gendered pattern in recycling: women typically take responsibility for sorting while men handle transport. The fieldwork conducted for this thesis reflects this consistently. Anna states it directly: "It's on me. I'm the one who supplies everyone with clothes and shoes." Silvija organises all divestment decisions in her household and says her husband "would just throw it in the bin." Men's role, where it appears, is typically transport and carrying the bags that women have sorted, selected, and prepared. 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction #FVXBEK The structure of the thesis Matching paragraph #ALLPXH: The thesis is organised as follows: Chapter Two reviews the relevant literature, situating the study within debates on practice theory and sustainable consumption and consumption work. Chapter Three describes the methodology, including the fieldwork context, interview approach, and analytical framework. Chapter Four, the first empirical chapter, examines Brīvbode as a site of freecycling practice: the materials flowing through it, the plural meanings and competencies that sustain giving and taking, and the non-monetary context that shapes the flows. Chapter Five turns more closely to the labour that sustains the flows described in Chapter Four, applying Wheeler and Glucksmann's consumption work framework to analyse the work performed by volunteers, participants, and the extended divestment networks that connect Brīvbode to surrounding households. The thesis concludes by drawing together the empirical findings and reflecting on what Brīvbode reveals about the conditions under which circular consumption practices can be sustained in everyday life. 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #75D5UH Conclusion Matching paragraph #5YXGE6: This chapter has examined the labour that sustains freecycling in Brīvbode, finding it distributed across structural, ethical, and gendered dimensions that existing circular economy frameworks tend to overlook. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. The feminist ethics of care and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), together with Bankovska’s (2020) care not-work and Graeber’s (2018) account of work as what just needs to be done, name the orientation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller (1998) names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others’ generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. 10. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #TJVD8Y: Hobson, K., Holmes, H., Welch, D., Wheeler, K. and Wieser, H. (2021) ‘Consumption work in the circular economy: a research agenda’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128969 Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.478 Related paragraph #2HA496: Wheeler, K. and Glucksmann, M. (2015) Household recycling and consumption work: social and moral economies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Score: 0.391 Related paragraph #8JYYXC: Wheeler and Glucksmann's processual dimension attends to how labour is distributed across the full span of a consumption process. In Brīvbode, this dimension is most visible in the extended divestment networks through which household surplus reaches the swapshop. The work that sustains Brīvbode is continuous with domestic consumption work which is consistently organised through women's labour. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.305 Related paragraph #2DH4UU: Widlok, T. (2017) Anthropology and the economy of sharing. London: Routledge. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #75D5UH Conclusion Score: 0.304 Related paragraph #5YXGE6: This chapter has examined the labour that sustains freecycling in Brīvbode, finding it distributed across structural, ethical, and gendered dimensions that existing circular economy frameworks tend to overlook. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. The feminist ethics of care and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), together with Bankovska’s (2020) care not-work and Graeber’s (2018) account of work as what just needs to be done, name the orientation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller (1998) names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others’ generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Score: 0.302 Related paragraph #ZBGB9J: Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) contend that secondhand markets involve consumption work – sorting, cleaning, repairing. “Consumption work”, for them, refers to the range of tasks required of consumers, before or after they consume, on which consumption itself is predicated – the work that must be done before or after the moment of exchange for consumption to be possible at all. Their framework encompasses technical dimensions – the allocation of tasks and skills to different people; modal dimensions – interdependencies of work across different social and economic arrangements; and processual dimensions – the connections of labour across the full span of a consumption process (Wheeler & Gluckmann, 2015: 35-36). In circular economy contexts, Hobson et al. (2021) argue, this work intensifies: responsible divestment requires more effort than simply throwing things away, and the additional demands fall disproportionately on those who are already doing most of the household management work. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.301 Related paragraph #S3YTB3: Ehgartner, U. and Holmes, H. (2022) ‘Changing understandings of waste reduction and avoidance in moralities of thrift: a comparison of Mass Observers’ narratives three decades apart’, Geoforum, 137, pp. 105–114. 7. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.293 Related paragraph #GHHDFX: Larsen, F. (2023) ‘Selling thrift: work practices in an American thrift store’, Journal of Business Anthropology, 12(1), pp. 37–55. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v12i1.6914 8. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #EBTHSE Not the Bin: Modal Labour and the Informal Route Score: 0.288 Related paragraph #SZG4E8: If §5.2 traced the valuation work the absence of price creates, this section turns to the kind of arrangement in which that work takes place. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s modal dimension names how labour is distributed across different socioeconomic arrangements — paid and unpaid, formal and informal, market and non-market, household and institution — and how the same task takes on a different character depending on which arrangement it is embedded in. The same act of sorting used clothes is paid retail work in a thrift chain, contracted labour at a municipal textile collection point, unpaid domestic labour at home, and something else again at Brīvbode. The question this section asks is what kind of arrangement Brīvbode is, modally speaking, and what difference its form makes for the labour that runs it and the people it recruits. 9. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.283 Related paragraph #L2ZHSM: Miller, D. (2008) The comfort of things. Cambridge: Polity Press. 10. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.277 Related paragraph #VCM9ZD: Gurova, O. (2024) ‘Practice theory approach to Gen Z’s sustainable clothing consumption in Finland’, Young Consumers, 25(3), pp. 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-06-2023-1765 11. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.269 Related paragraph #C84FMM: Tölg, R. and Fuentes, C. (2025) ‘Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing’, Consumption and Society, 4(2), pp. 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1332/27528499Y2024D000000032 ### 35. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #BZQJQS: Miller, D. (1998) A theory of shopping. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #L2ZHSM: Miller, D. (2008) The comfort of things. Cambridge: Polity Press. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #ULSUAX Conclusion Matching paragraph #YK565D: in clothing consumption research consumption of clothing is viewed as a habitual and socially embedded activity rather than a constant, deliberate process of choice and identity construction (Chamberlin & Callmer, 2021; Miller & Woodward, 2012; van der Laan & Velthuis, 2016). 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #23NMLX Consumption Work Matching paragraph #2RA8WL: The thesis also attends to the gendered distribution of this work. Ethnographic research has demonstrated that consumption is often organised around care for others, and that women often function as moral agents in household consumption, regulating what goes in and out of households (Miller, 1998, Reno, 2016). Shopping and consumption practices can be seen as acts of care, where people choose items with loved ones in mind, reflecting their role in family and social networks. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Matching paragraph #PNGSGT: Miller's (1998) research on shopping demonstrates that consumption is often organised around care for others rather than individual satisfaction, and that women frequently function as moral agents in household consumption as they are the ones acquiring, managing, and disposing of goods in relation to the needs of children, partners, and wider social networks. Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) find the same gendered pattern in recycling: women typically take responsibility for sorting while men handle transport. The fieldwork conducted for this thesis reflects this consistently. Anna states it directly: "It's on me. I'm the one who supplies everyone with clothes and shoes." Silvija organises all divestment decisions in her household and says her husband "would just throw it in the bin." Men's role, where it appears, is typically transport and carrying the bags that women have sorted, selected, and prepared. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #75D5UH Conclusion Matching paragraph #5YXGE6: This chapter has examined the labour that sustains freecycling in Brīvbode, finding it distributed across structural, ethical, and gendered dimensions that existing circular economy frameworks tend to overlook. Wheeler and Glucksmann’s consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. The feminist ethics of care and its recent applications to circular consumption (Mesiranta et al. 2025; Tölg and Fuentes 2025), together with Bankovska’s (2020) care not-work and Graeber’s (2018) account of work as what just needs to be done, name the orientation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller (1998) names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others’ generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.428 Related paragraph #L2ZHSM: Miller, D. (2008) The comfort of things. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.42 Related paragraph #BZQJQS: Miller, D. (1998) A theory of shopping. Cambridge: Polity Press. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.308 Related paragraph #2HA496: Wheeler, K. and Glucksmann, M. (2015) Household recycling and consumption work: social and moral economies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Score: 0.295 Related paragraph #37H5JF: MA Thesis 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #82G2QE Holding It Together: Care and Consumption Work in Brīvbode #L38KUE It’s On Me: Networks, Gender, and the Transmission of Care Score: 0.289 Related paragraph #PNGSGT: Miller's (1998) research on shopping demonstrates that consumption is often organised around care for others rather than individual satisfaction, and that women frequently function as moral agents in household consumption as they are the ones acquiring, managing, and disposing of goods in relation to the needs of children, partners, and wider social networks. Wheeler and Glucksmann (2015) find the same gendered pattern in recycling: women typically take responsibility for sorting while men handle transport. The fieldwork conducted for this thesis reflects this consistently. Anna states it directly: "It's on me. I'm the one who supplies everyone with clothes and shoes." Silvija organises all divestment decisions in her household and says her husband "would just throw it in the bin." Men's role, where it appears, is typically transport and carrying the bags that women have sorted, selected, and prepared. 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Score: 0.279 Related paragraph #4GQDNX: TABLE OF CONTENTS ### 36. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #NYQXWE: Holmes, H. (2018) ‘New spaces, ordinary practices: circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning’, Geoforum, 88, pp. 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.022 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #S3YTB3: Ehgartner, U. and Holmes, H. (2022) ‘Changing understandings of waste reduction and avoidance in moralities of thrift: a comparison of Mass Observers’ narratives three decades apart’, Geoforum, 137, pp. 105–114. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Matching paragraph #TJVD8Y: Hobson, K., Holmes, H., Welch, D., Wheeler, K. and Wieser, H. (2021) ‘Consumption work in the circular economy: a research agenda’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 128969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128969 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #LYTS7L Research methodology: A Practice Freecycle #VMQSHJ Participant observation Matching paragraph #ZYK94K: Even though the principles are similar, each Brīvbode location has its specifics, and over the months of fieldwork – usually my weekly shifts in Lastādija – I renewed my competence in managing the flow of materials, evaluating and sorting donations, tidying, moving objects, witnessing and mediating occasional tensions in the shop. I took fieldnotes during and after visits, and occasionally photographed the space and its contents. As handling material objects is a kind of activity that eases conversation (Appelgren and Bohlin, 2015; Holmes, 2018), sorting things alongside someone or commenting together on an object easily opens exchanges, and I used these opportunities for informal chatting with fellow volunteers and visitors. 5. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #ZF9EYF Introduction Matching paragraph #XKELL5: Consumption and divestment practices are changing, shaped by new infrastructure and policy developments – Latvia introduced mandatory textile collection in 2023, and new secondhand platforms are expanding the routes available for sequential flows of household goods. A study of Brīvbode contributes to understanding this changing practice landscape by offering an empirical account of one specific site where divestment, acquisition, and non-monetary exchange come together, at a particular moment in the development of circular consumption practices in Latvia. Freecycling, as viewed in this thesis, is a practice that contains elements that are widely shared and common but are placed and enacted in a new context of non-monetary exchange in a non-domestic site. Thus I argue that Brīvbode offers to practitioners somehow familiar, yet new ways of relating to objects and people (Holmes, 2018). 6. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #L759F3 Circulation, Practice, and Consumption Work: A Theoretical Framework #HQ4PZX Consumption practices Matching paragraph #N7QTYJ: This thesis aligns with practice theoretical perspectives on sustainable consumption that attend to the full cycle of goods through domestic life – considering not only the goods and materials people acquire, but also divestment and disposal (Ehgartner and Holmes, 2022). For example, Evans (2020) responds to this by proposing an expanded definition of consumption as a process involving multiple moments beyond acquisition. Following Warde (2005), he identifies appropriation – the use, personalisation, and incorporation of goods into everyday life – and appreciation – the personal and symbolic frameworks through which goods are evaluated and enjoyed. To these he adds three further moments: devaluation, the loss of economic or symbolic value; divestment, the loss of personal meaning and the unravelling of attachments; and disposal, the physical act of getting rid of things (Evans 2020: 345). Taken together, these six moments constitute consumption as a full cycle rather than a single event. Evans notes that a case could be made for simplifying this further, though – replacing the three acquisition related moments with a single concept of attachment, and the three divestment related moments with detachment ¬ a formulation that captures the emotional and relational dimensions of both acquiring and letting go (Evans, 2020: 347). Approximate matches 1. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.442 Related paragraph #NYQXWE: Holmes, H. (2018) ‘New spaces, ordinary practices: circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning’, Geoforum, 88, pp. 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.022 2. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.327 Related paragraph #3CALAB: Shove, E. (2003) Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: the social organization of normality. Oxford: Berg. 3. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.314 Related paragraph #S3YTB3: Ehgartner, U. and Holmes, H. (2022) ‘Changing understandings of waste reduction and avoidance in moralities of thrift: a comparison of Mass Observers’ narratives three decades apart’, Geoforum, 137, pp. 105–114. 4. Source: Practices of Divestment, Acquisition and Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia [MIKAEL] (#4V8VH7), Ieva Lange Context: #9GJAHS LIST OF SOURCES Score: 0.3 Related paragraph #L2ZHSM: Miller, D. (2008) The comfort of things. Cambridge: Polity Press. ### 37. Assistant Yes. The thesis bibliography is not huge, but it is doing several distinct jobs. The most relied-upon sources are less a random literature cloud and more a set of **workhorses** that hold up different parts of the argument. ## 1. The two backbone frameworks The thesis itself names the two main frameworks very clearly: **practice theory** and **consumption work** (#SNLDAM). These are the most structurally important sources. ### Shove, Pantzar & Watson / Shove - **Shove, Pantzar & Watson, *The Dynamics of Social Practice*** (#RU2ER4) - **Shove, *Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience*** (#3CALAB) - **Shove & Walker, “Governing transitions…”** (#SA7WPJ) These give you the basic grammar of the thesis: practices as made from **materials, meanings, and competencies**. You use this explicitly in the theoretical framework (#KSLB7G), and then again in the empirical chapters when you analyse Brīvbode as a practice made from a site, objects, norms, skills, and meanings. This is probably the **most foundational theoretical source cluster**. ### Warde / Welch & Warde - **Warde, “Consumption and theories of practice”** (#74NCY4) - **Welch & Warde, “Theories of practice and sustainable consumption”** (#AVZ5K4) - **Warde & Southerton, *The Habits of Consumption*** (#UVK7TJ) Warde gives you the key move that consumption is not a separate “consumer behaviour” domain but a **moment in practices** (#C6LN2K). This lets you study Brīvbode not as “people choosing free things” but as a site where household practices of acquisition, storage, sorting, letting go, and reuse intersect. You also use Warde in methodology to justify studying circulation as a knot of practices (#AL93KK). If Shove gives you the practice-elements frame, Warde gives you the **consumption-as-practice-moment** frame. ## 2. Consumption work: the second major pillar ### Wheeler & Glucksmann - **Wheeler & Glucksmann, *Household Recycling and Consumption Work*** (#2HA496) This is one of the most heavily relied upon sources in Chapter 5. It gives you the term **consumption work** and the technical/modal/processual dimensions of labour (#ZBGB9J). You use it to show that Brīvbode does not simply “enable reuse”; it redistributes sorting, cleaning, carrying, deciding, routing, and maintaining work across households, volunteers, and the site itself (#EF5DET, #SZG4E8, #8JYYXC). This is probably the **single most important source for Chapter 5**. ### Hobson et al. 2021 - **Hobson, Holmes, Welch, Wheeler & Wieser, “Consumption work in the circular economy”** (#TJVD8Y) This extends Wheeler & Glucksmann into circular economy debates. It is central to your argument that circular economy participation requires labour, and that this labour is unevenly distributed (#J4M2WK, #BTDD45, #HM56MD). It also gives you the bridge from Brīvbode to circular economy scholarship: circularity requires work, not just willingness. This is one of the most important sources for the thesis contribution. ## 3. Circulation, divestment, and the life of things This cluster supports Chapter 4 especially. ### Gregson - **Gregson, *Living with Things*** (#L2X3H2) - **Gregson, Metcalfe & Crewe, “Moving things along”** (#DWW2K4) Gregson is crucial for divestment: how people get rid of things, move things along, and manage the moral and material burden of excess. You use this to frame divesting as a meaningful practice, not merely disposal (#CLU5VP, #V83RLN). ### Evans 2020 - **Evans, “After Practice?”** (#WVDJ99) Evans helps expand “consumption” beyond acquisition into attachment, devaluation, divestment, detachment, and disposal (#N7QTYJ). This is very useful because your thesis is exactly about the full trajectory of things — not only taking but also letting go. ### Appadurai / Kopytoff tradition, though lightly in bibliography - **Appadurai, *The Social Life of Things*** (#APK3TR) This is part of the background material culture/value tradition. It is less structurally central than Shove/Warde/Wheeler, but it gives legitimacy to following objects through changing regimes of value. ## 4. Alternative provisioning, reuse, and freecycling These sources make Brīvbode comparable to other non-market or semi-market reuse settings. ### Holmes - **Holmes, “New spaces, ordinary practices”** (#NYQXWE) - **Ehgartner & Holmes, “Changing understandings of waste reduction…”** (#S3YTB3) Holmes is important for the idea that alternative provisioning spaces do not necessarily invent entirely new practices; they rearrange ordinary ones in new settings. You use Holmes to frame Brīvbode as familiar practices placed into a new non-domestic, non-monetary infrastructure (#XKELL5). Holmes also supports your methodological point that handling objects can open conversation (#ZYK94K). ### Eden - **Eden, “Blurring the boundaries…”** (#JNBSSG) This is your Freecycle / prosumption / circularity source. It helps place Brīvbode in the broader freecycling literature and shows how value/waste categories shift as things circulate. ### Počinková et al. - **Počinková et al., “Exploring the role of community-based enterprises…”** (#6JMQ9V) Important for clothing disposition and swapping events. You use this especially around “voluntary disposal” and how community-based swap infrastructures help people route unwanted clothes. ### Camacho-Otero et al. - **Camacho-Otero, Pettersen & Boks, “Consumer engagement in the circular economy…”** (#4RABAB) Useful for clothes swapping as circular economy practice from a practice theory angle. It is supportive rather than foundational. ### Tan & Yeoh - **Tan & Yeoh, “Freecycling markets as sustainable materialist movements?”** (#6SDD7L) This is very relevant to your final argument because it is about physical freecycling markets, short reuse loops, rescue, recirculation, and the limits of scalability. It strengthens the “Brīvbode as short-loop circularity” framing. ## 5. Care, ethics, and gendered responsibility This cluster underwrites the care side of Chapter 5 and the conclusion. ### Mesiranta et al. - **Mesiranta et al., “Circular consumption practices as matters of care”** (#3HCC78) You rely on this to conceptualise circular consumption as care, not just efficient resource management (#5YXGE6). It supports the argument that Brīvbode is held together by ethical attention and responsibility. ### Tölg & Fuentes - **Tölg & Fuentes, “Care and circularity”** (#C84FMM) This is also central for Chapter 5. It helps you say that circular clothing consumption requires care resources, not just good intentions. In your thesis this becomes: Brīvbode works because people care enough to sort, bring, repair, curate, withhold, and redirect things. ### Miller - **Miller, *A Theory of Shopping*** (#BZQJQS) - **Miller, *The Comfort of Things*** (#L2ZHSM) Miller gives you the gender/care/household moral economy argument. You use *A Theory of Shopping* directly to argue that consumption is often organised around care for others, and that women frequently become moral agents in household consumption (#2RA8WL, #PNGSGT, #5YXGE6). ### Horton - **Horton, “Just use what you have”** (#9M9D7K) Useful for the feminisation of responsibility. This supports your argument that sustainable/circular practices often become gendered labour. ## 6. Local and contextual sources These are not theoretical workhorses but they are important for grounding. - **Akule, Milbreta & Brizga, textile report** (#JTWV2Q) - **Watson et al., Baltic textile circularity report** (#KJPCEP) These support the Latvia/Baltic textile context: overproduction, textile collection, second-hand flows, post-consumer textile systems. They are evidence scaffolding for the introduction and context. ## 7. Methodology sources These are doing quieter but important work. - **Nicolini, practice theory as package/method/vocabulary** (#T3EV8P) - **Sedlačko, ethnography with sensibility for practice** (#KBACMG) - **Bourdieu** (#DHF6T6), **Giddens** (#9V3STH) Bourdieu and Giddens are background ancestors of practice theory, but the thesis is not really built on them. Nicolini and Sedlačko are more directly useful for explaining how to study practices ethnographically. ## Most relied-upon sources, in plain terms If I had to name the real “load-bearing wall” sources: 1. **Shove, Pantzar & Watson 2012** — practice as materials/meanings/competencies (#RU2ER4; used in #KSLB7G). 2. **Warde 2005** — consumption as a moment in practices (#74NCY4; used in #C6LN2K). 3. **Wheeler & Glucksmann 2015** — consumption work (#2HA496; used in #ZBGB9J, #EF5DET). 4. **Hobson et al. 2021** — consumption work in circular economy (#TJVD8Y; used in #BTDD45, #HM56MD). 5. **Gregson 2007 / Gregson et al. 2007** — divestment and moving things along (#L2X3H2, #DWW2K4). 6. **Evans 2020** — full-cycle consumption beyond acquisition (#WVDJ99; used in #N7QTYJ). 7. **Holmes 2018** — ordinary practices in new provisioning spaces (#NYQXWE; used in #XKELL5). 8. **Mesiranta et al. 2025 + Tölg & Fuentes 2025** — circular consumption as care (#3HCC78, #C84FMM; used in #5YXGE6). 9. **Miller 1998** — gendered care and household consumption (#BZQJQS; used in #PNGSGT). 10. **Eden / Počinková / Tan & Yeoh / Camacho-Otero** — freecycling, swapping, circular reuse comparators (#JNBSSG, #6JMQ9V, #6SDD7L, #4RABAB). ## One bibliography warning Chapter 5 currently leans on **Bankovska (2020)** and **Graeber (2018)** in the care/work framing (#5YXGE6, #S6HFAC), but I did **not** see them in the visible bibliography list #9GJAHS. Add them if they remain in the text. Tiny bibliography gremlin, easily defeated. ### 38. User try to take that last distilled list and write for each one a sentence/short paragraph that concisely and carefully and vividly puts forth the idea or argument or framing or question that source enacts in our thesis ### 39. Assistant Here is the distilled list rewritten as **what each source *does* in the thesis** — not just “what it is about,” but what kind of argumentative work it performs for you. ## 1. Shove, Pantzar & Watson 2012 — practice as assembled from elements **Shove, Pantzar and Watson give the thesis its basic analytical grammar: Brīvbode is not treated as an organisation, a place, or a set of individual choices, but as a practice assembled from materials, meanings, and competencies.** This lets you show that circulation depends on shelves, bags, volunteers, sorting skills, ideas of usefulness, norms of exchange, and practical know-how all holding together provisionally (#RU2ER4; used in #KSLB7G). In other words, Brīvbode “works” only because these elements are repeatedly connected in performance. ## 2. Warde 2005 — consumption as a moment within practices **Warde lets the thesis escape the figure of “the consumer” and follow what people are actually doing with things.** His argument that consumption is not itself a practice but a moment in many practices allows Brīvbode to be analysed as a point where domestic routines of acquisition, storage, use, care, divestment, and disposal become visible in one semi-public site (#74NCY4; #C6LN2K). This is why the thesis can study circulation rather than isolated acts of “giving” or “taking.” ## 3. Wheeler & Glucksmann 2015 — consumption work **Wheeler and Glucksmann provide the language for naming the labour hidden behind apparently simple consumption.** Their concept of consumption work makes visible the sorting, cleaning, carrying, deciding, storing, repairing, routing, and coordinating that must happen before things can be reused or passed on (#2HA496; #ZBGB9J). In the thesis, this turns Brīvbode from a charming free shop into a labour system — one that depends on unpaid, informal, and unevenly distributed work (#EF5DET). ## 4. Hobson et al. 2021 — circular economy as labour redistribution **Hobson et al. make the circular economy concrete by asking: who has to do the work that circularity requires?** Their argument that circular economy initiatives depend on intensified and unevenly distributed consumption work allows the thesis to position Brīvbode as more than a local curiosity: it becomes an ethnographic case of the hidden social labour behind circularity (#TJVD8Y; #BTDD45). This source supports the claim that circular consumption is not only about keeping materials in use, but about reorganising responsibility, time, and care (#HM56MD). ## 5. Gregson / Gregson, Metcalfe & Crewe — divestment as practice **Gregson gives the thesis a way to treat getting rid of things as socially and morally significant, not as the end of consumption.** Her work on divestment and “moving things along” helps frame Brīvbode as one route through which people detach objects from domestic life while preserving their value, usefulness, or moral promise (#L2X3H2; #DWW2K4). In the thesis, this supports the idea that bringing things to Brīvbode is not just disposal by nicer means; it is a way of performing responsibility toward objects and toward oneself as a decent consumer (#CLU5VP, #V83RLN). ## 6. Evans 2020 — consumption as full cycle of attachment and detachment **Evans helps stretch the concept of consumption across the whole life of objects in households.** By adding devaluation, divestment, and disposal to acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation, Evans gives the thesis a vocabulary for following things as they gain, lose, and transform meaning (#WVDJ99; #N7QTYJ). This is crucial because Brīvbode sits exactly at the hinge between detachment and possible reattachment: one household’s ending becomes another household’s beginning. ## 7. Holmes 2018 — new spaces, ordinary practices **Holmes helps show that Brīvbode is both familiar and strange: it rearranges ordinary practices of giving, taking, sorting, and reusing in a new non-domestic setting.** This lets the thesis avoid overstating Brīvbode as a radical alternative while still showing what is distinctive about it: the same everyday practices are made public, visible, social, and non-monetary (#NYQXWE; #XKELL5). Holmes also supports the methodological insight that handling objects together is a way of making practices speak (#ZYK94K). ## 8. Mesiranta et al. 2025 + Tölg & Fuentes 2025 — circular consumption as care **Mesiranta et al. and Tölg & Fuentes let the thesis name circularity as a care-demanding practice rather than a neutral sustainability technique.** They foreground the ethical, affective, and practical work involved in maintaining objects, extending their lives, and passing them on responsibly (#3HCC78; #C84FMM). In Brīvbode, this becomes visible in sorting, curating, withholding, redirecting, repairing, tolerating, and making judgements about what should happen to things. These sources support the claim that circularity needs care resources, not only environmental values (#5YXGE6). ## 9. Miller 1998 — household consumption as gendered care **Miller gives the thesis a way to understand household consumption as care for others, and therefore as gendered moral labour.** His work helps explain why women so often appear as the people who know what family members need, what can be passed on, what should be saved, and what must not simply be thrown away (#BZQJQS; #2RA8WL). In Chapter 5, this becomes central to showing that Brīvbode’s circulation is sustained through competencies already formed in gendered household management (#PNGSGT). ## 10. Eden / Počinková / Tan & Yeoh / Camacho-Otero — freecycling, swapping, and reuse comparators **These sources locate Brīvbode within a wider field of freecycling, clothing swaps, and community-based reuse, while helping specify what is distinctive about this case.** Eden gives the link between freecycling and shifting categories of value and waste (#JNBSSG). Počinková et al. support the framing of voluntary clothing disposition through community-based swap infrastructures (#6JMQ9V). Camacho-Otero et al. connect clothes swapping to circular economy practice theory (#4RABAB). Tan and Yeoh are especially close to Brīvbode because they treat physical freecycling markets as short-loop circularity, based on rescue, recirculation, and material relation-building rather than only recycling (#6SDD7L). Together, these sources make Brīvbode legible as part of circular consumption scholarship, while your ethnography adds the grounded detail of how such circulation is actually kept moving. ### 40. User let's expand a bit and loook closer at what these sources mean by circularity and how they relate to it etc ### 41. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 8, "query": "circularity circular economy consumption work consumers labour unevenly distributed" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 8, "query": "social circularity everyday circular economy small stories closing loops" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 8, "query": "circular consumption care clothing resources responsibility care struggles" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 8, "query": "freecycling markets short reuse loops rescue recirculation circularity loops" } ``` #### Tool call: `search_text` ```json { "document_kind": "literature", "limit": 8, "query": "consumption full cycle acquisition appropriation appreciation devaluation divestment disposal" } ``` ### 42. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. (#NUEUVY), Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #N9U32S Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. #VCKC56 ABSTRACT Matching excerpt #629UVN: Circular Economy frameworks have become central to debates and interventions that aim to reduce global resource use and environmental despoliation. As pathways to both systemic and micro-scale transformations, there remain many challenges to making Circular Economy actionable. One such challenge is facilitating the emergence of the 'circular consumer'. Here, we are all encouraged to shift everyday practices to consume new products and services and/or participate in the 'Sharing Economy': all of which are claimed, in some prominent debates, to automatically offer more 'convenience' for the consumer. In response, this paper argues that viewing such debates through the lens of Consumption Work offers a different picture of what it takes to be, and what we need to know about, the circular consumer. Consumption Work refers to the labour integral to the purchase, use, re-use and disposal of goods and services. This paper argues that the nature and scope of such work has been underplayed in Circular Economy debates to date, and that becoming a circular consumer requires varied and unevenly distributed forms of Consumption Work, which in turn, has significant implications for the success of Circular Economy. This paper thus proposes a research agenda into this topic, outlining five, inter-related, critical issues that a Circular Economy research agenda must address, including questions of who undertakes Consumption Work; to what ends; and how its multiple forms are coordinated within and beyond the household. 2. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 16 Context: #YDJM7S Prácticas de reutilización y trabajo de consumo doméstico #9KXLER Conclusion Matching excerpt #G26N4U: Finally, conceptualizing these activities and tasks as 'consumption work' helps to understand the work that consumers are required to engage in as part of the transition to more circular forms of consumption. For example, the requirement on consumers to bring their own containers to reuse-refill stores results in several processual forms of labour, primarily that of decanting and recirculating . Whilst these activities may be interpreted as domestic labour due to them being household-based, we argue that they play a key role in the wider circuits of the reuse economy, extending well beyond the home. Allied to this, our sensitivity to how labour is distributed along the supply chain (Hobson et al., 2021) allows us to offer a rejoinder to the dominant framing of the role of 'consumers' in the circular economy. In contrast to the prevailing idea that the onus is on consumers to take up and 'accept' new business models and products, our work suggests that more emphasis should be placed on the retail sector to adapt to consumers' existing practices. Differentiating between reuse-refill and reuse-return methods of provisioning (EMF, 2019), raises questions about the nature and amount of consumption work and domestic labour involved in these different systems (Wheeler & Glucksmann, 2015b). Future studies could usefully turn their attention to this complexity and nuance. Our approach also raises questions about who (state, market, or household) is required to do what work to ensure the success of reuse systems. As things stand, most of the work falls to individuals who are required to source, prepare, and maintain objects ( recirculate ) in refill systems, integrating these practices into their existing domestic routines. With a growing interest in transitioning towards a shared packaging economy (reuse-return), it is imperative to think about how best to recognize and formalize the work carried out by households whilst also questioning how responsibility and care should be reconfigured and formalized across the wider supply-chain. 3. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 2 Context: #YDJM7S Prácticas de reutilización y trabajo de consumo doméstico #UTZZ6F Introduction Matching excerpt #6U9397: With a growing emphasis on the 'Circular Economy' in debates on consumption, sustainability and everyday life, systems of reuse are increasingly attracting attention (for example (EMF, 2019), (Greenpeace, 2020)) in transforming 'production-consumption systems towards enhanced material circularity' (Greene et al., 2024, p. 1). For example, the UK Plastics Pact emphasizes the need for a series of technical and design-based solutions in 'eliminating problematic plastics' and 'creating a circular economy for plastics' (WRAP, n.d.). At the same time, there is a strong emphasis on 'hard hitting campaigns' that encourage citizens to 'recycle more of the right things' (WRAP, n.d.) and a widespread sense that consumers must 'do their bit' by, for example, switching from single-use plastics to reusable packaging. 1 Within social science work, the role of 'consumer-users' and the labour involved in achieving a more sustainable circular economy has been identified as a critical, but often overlooked, component of citizen participation (Greene et al., 2024; Hobson, 2020; Hobson et al., 2021). Hobson's work suggests that any successful transition towards a circular economy requires a shift beyond prevailing individualistic perspectives on consumer behaviour that have dominated policy approaches against the backdrop of technocratic changes (cf. Shove, 2010). This paper contributes to these debates, focusing on the dynamics of existing household consumption practices to better understand how these might enable or inhibit the development of systems of reuse. Approximate matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 41 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #BDRQSR A practice theories approach to producing and performing circular consumption #SBM22B Circular consumption and the sociology of consumption Score: 0.743 Related excerpt #XRXFBJ: involves “all work necessary for the purchase, use, re-use and disposal of consumption goods and services” (Wheeler and Glucksmann, 2015a: 37). This form of work undertaken by consumers is necessary for the completion as well as complementation of economic processes (Glucksmann, 2016). For instance, self-assembling furniture or installation of different software is necessary before some goods can be appropriated and appreciated. While consumption work is also part of linear economies, in a circular system, previous consumption work activities need to be scaled, and new practices need to be adopted (Hobson et al., 2021). For instance, even if a household already practised waste sorting and recycling according to circularity principles, they also need to enact further practices such as repairing broken belongings or sharing household tools. These increased levels of consumption work in the CE can further contribute to an unequal distribution of labour in terms of gender, class and employment forms (Hobson et al., 2021). Furthermore, it can be challenging to manage the time required for this increased work due to other personal or professional commitments, as the study of Sutcliffe (2022) demonstrates. 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 103 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #92JYP3 Research contributions #NB97RR Complexity of care and valuation work in circular consumption Score: 0.687 Related excerpt #6DMPGD: work as integral parts of performing circular consumption, and secondly by showing how both care and valuation work are challenged in the linear landscape. 3. Source: Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care (#BQ2W57), Elina Närvänen, Malla Mattila, Nina Mesiranta, Outi Koskinen, p. 2 Context: #NLZXGJ Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care #LT9CXA Reviewing the Literature on Circular Consumption Score: 0.709 Related excerpt #VWK3QM: Previous research on circular practices has emphasised the labour, time, and effort required of consumers in a CE, which are labelled consumer work (Hobson et al., 2021; Rabiu & Jaeger-Erben, 2024; Sutcliffe, 2022). These studies highlight the fact that this domestic work is unpaid, not necessarily distributed evenly between consumers, and dependent on access to material infrastructures. Thus, it is apparent that consumer work can be burdensome and involve negative feelings and trade-offs for consumers. These trade-offs may 4. Source: On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care (#CUWPC9), Cindy Isenhour, Joshua Reno, p. 1 Context: #3YJ9P3 On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care #NDV2YR Introduction: Reuse & Repair in the Age of Ecological Crises and Circular Economy Score: 0.693 Related excerpt #H7YQ4R: upon which the formal politics of economic circularity depend, is only alluded to, at best, in contemporary formations of circular economy. The resulting tension can mean that this material carework is not recognized, even as discards are increasingly commodified. The contributions of these laborers to social life and its political significance is lost—even while the value generated is appropriated. 5. Source: Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. (#NUEUVY), Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #N9U32S Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. #VCKC56 ABSTRACT Score: 0.733 Related excerpt #629UVN: Circular Economy frameworks have become central to debates and interventions that aim to reduce global resource use and environmental despoliation. As pathways to both systemic and micro-scale transformations, there remain many challenges to making Circular Economy actionable. One such challenge is facilitating the emergence of the 'circular consumer'. Here, we are all encouraged to shift everyday practices to consume new products and services and/or participate in the 'Sharing Economy': all of which are claimed, in some prominent debates, to automatically offer more 'convenience' for the consumer. In response, this paper argues that viewing such debates through the lens of Consumption Work offers a different picture of what it takes to be, and what we need to know about, the circular consumer. Consumption Work refers to the labour integral to the purchase, use, re-use and disposal of goods and services. This paper argues that the nature and scope of such work has been underplayed in Circular Economy debates to date, and that becoming a circular consumer requires varied and unevenly distributed forms of Consumption Work, which in turn, has significant implications for the success of Circular Economy. This paper thus proposes a research agenda into this topic, outlining five, inter-related, critical issues that a Circular Economy research agenda must address, including questions of who undertakes Consumption Work; to what ends; and how its multiple forms are coordinated within and beyond the household. 6. Source: Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. (#NUEUVY), Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson, p. 5 Context: #N9U32S Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. #VNRSC7 5. Concluding comments #TYSNJH assertion that is far from proven to date. Score: 0.708 Related excerpt #FH5JP3: Finally, CW inherently concerns divisions of labour. There has been little engagement in CE literature to date with how labour is being moved along the supply chain in new forms of allegedly 'circular' business models: and the implications for such shifts, in terms of what is being expected of, and what is possible for, the consumer/user. Such concerns must be central to a research agenda on CE CW, if any interventions are not to exacerbate already-existing inequalities or have knock-on effects of increasing overall resource-use. In short, just as energy-intensive processes are needed to sustain the material flows of the CE, so it goes for some forms of labour: labour that sits behind, and remains obscured by, headline assumptions such as those of increased consumer convenience. Thus, to fully evaluate the core claims for the all-round benefits of CE, understanding the complexities of CE CW needs to be part of an enlarged and critical research agenda. 7. Source: Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. (#NUEUVY), Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson, p. 0 Context: #N9U32S Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. #46SCUP ARTICLE INFO #NKGBV8 Keywords: Score: 0.689 Related excerpt #AD9852: Circular economy Consumption work Sharing economy Labor 8. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 16 Context: #YDJM7S Prácticas de reutilización y trabajo de consumo doméstico #9KXLER Conclusion Score: 0.72 Related excerpt #G26N4U: Finally, conceptualizing these activities and tasks as 'consumption work' helps to understand the work that consumers are required to engage in as part of the transition to more circular forms of consumption. For example, the requirement on consumers to bring their own containers to reuse-refill stores results in several processual forms of labour, primarily that of decanting and recirculating . Whilst these activities may be interpreted as domestic labour due to them being household-based, we argue that they play a key role in the wider circuits of the reuse economy, extending well beyond the home. Allied to this, our sensitivity to how labour is distributed along the supply chain (Hobson et al., 2021) allows us to offer a rejoinder to the dominant framing of the role of 'consumers' in the circular economy. In contrast to the prevailing idea that the onus is on consumers to take up and 'accept' new business models and products, our work suggests that more emphasis should be placed on the retail sector to adapt to consumers' existing practices. Differentiating between reuse-refill and reuse-return methods of provisioning (EMF, 2019), raises questions about the nature and amount of consumption work and domestic labour involved in these different systems (Wheeler & Glucksmann, 2015b). Future studies could usefully turn their attention to this complexity and nuance. Our approach also raises questions about who (state, market, or household) is required to do what work to ensure the success of reuse systems. As things stand, most of the work falls to individuals who are required to source, prepare, and maintain objects ( recirculate ) in refill systems, integrating these practices into their existing domestic routines. With a growing interest in transitioning towards a shared packaging economy (reuse-return), it is imperative to think about how best to recognize and formalize the work carried out by households whilst also questioning how responsibility and care should be reconfigured and formalized across the wider supply-chain. ### 43. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 19 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction Matching excerpt #Y6RG69: Connected to these ambitions, a central goal has become to engage consumers in the circular economy (CE) and bring about circular consumption (e.g., Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013; European Commission, 2015). Performing circular consumption involves acquiring, using and disposing of goods in new ways. In the CE, consumers need to purchase differently, as according to circularity principles goods need to be acquired second-hand, from recycled sources or even accessed through rental services (Dissanayake and Weerasinghe, 2022; Machado et al., 2019). At the same time, consumers also need to use and dispose of their possessions differently, slowing the use of materials through repair and maintenance and ensuring reuse is equally important as closing material loops (Bocken et al., 2016; Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). 2. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Matching excerpt #ZDP99W: In recent years, the circular economy has attracted considerable scholarly and societal attention (Merli et al, 2018; Hobson, 2020). Circularity advocates – such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013) – and policy documents – such as the European Commission (2020) – argue for the transition to a more circular and therefore also a more materially efficient economy (Ortega Alvarado et al, 2021). The circular economy programme sets out to break with the take-make-dispose linear economy, instead establishing a circular system in which materials are kept in circulation through ‘closed’ production and consumption loops (Hobson, 2016; Mylan et al, 2016). While much of the circular economy research focuses on production and recycling processes, typically geared towards the electronics, metal and waste management industries (Ghisellini et al, 2016; Merli et al, 2018), the role of consumers in making the circular economy possible is beginning to be acknowledged (Hobson et al, 2021). 3. Source: Harnessing the Unruly- Anthropological Contributions in Applied Reuse Projects (#B3CVMW), Anna Bohlin, Staffan Appelgren, p. 3 Context: #W65XU5 Harnessing the Unruly: Anthropological Contributions in Applied Reuse Projects #YUBQAT Reuse and circular economy Matching excerpt #NRJXYE: At the time that we began exploring reuse and second-hand consumption, discussions on the promises of the 'circular economy' (CE) had begun to emerge in Sweden. The concept circulated in national media, and in Gothenburg where we were doing fieldwork, various meetings, workshops, and lectures on the topic illustrated the growing interest in this new way of conceptualising the economy. Indeed, the City administration pilot project we collaborated with was called Circular Gothenburg. In short, CE thinking takes a systematic approach to the economy that should benefit industry, society, and the planet by disconnecting growth from resource exploitation. Inspired by the restorative and regenerative powers of ecological cycles in nature it argues for closing the loops of material flows in order to reduce resource extraction and waste production. In symbiotic networks corporations are supposed to turn waste and by-products into resources for production. Design for disassembling and recycling is crucial in this, as is design for care and repair in order to extend the lifespan of things before being returned for another production cycle (McDonough and Braungart, 2002; Webster, 2017). CE has received criticism, not least in regard to the limited evidence of large-scale practical CE cases (see Gregson et al. 2015; Blomsma and Brennan 2017; Valenzuela and Böhm 2017; Corvellec et al. 2020), but overall has been met with enthusiasm from industry, policy makers, and social movements and is being increasingly adopted as an imagined solution to sustainability challenges in Sweden. This is reflected for example in the way that the Swedish government sees it as a cornerstone of the sustainable consumption strategy (Ministry of Finance 2016), recently formed the Swedish Circular Economy Delegation (Government Offices of Sweden 2018) and ambitiously stated that "Sweden will develop the resource-effective, circular, bio-based economy" in its latest Government Declaration (authors' translation, Government Offices of Sweden 2019: 6). 4. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 11 Context: #8BW5TM 7. CONCLUSION Matching excerpt #7FMJZN: Freecycling markets may be environmentally sustainable but not-so-sustainable with respect to the space, time and labour needed to run them in Singapore. Such a disjuncture illuminates the significance of contextualising sustainable materialist movements in its spatio-material and socio-cultural context. While material inputs in terms of reusable things are readily available, suitable spaces, unpaid volunteer labour and community networks necessary to organise and sustain such markets are in short supply. These markets' failure to scale up and to multiply sideways instead may offer some transferable takeaways for sustainable circular activisms in densely-populated, land scarce cities. Notwithstanding the shortcomings of our sustainable materialist case studies, they represent 'small stories of closing loops' (Hobson 2020: 99). Rather than wait for radical shifts in the economic system, these are commendable efforts at carving out a prefigurative space-time for mainstreaming circular 5. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Matching excerpt #J46PZ3: Scholars working in the field of circular economies have identified the predominance of top-down, often technocratic and market-based approaches at the expense of ground-up collaborative grassroots initiatives (Hobson 2020; Böhm et al. 2023). We seek to redress this over-emphasis on state-driven circular policies in public and academic discourses by attending to two case studies at the emerging frontiers of Singapore's circular waste management. These case studies pertain to two physical community-based freecycling markets that facilitate the closing and shortening of circularity loops via reuse. Freecycling refers to the practice of giving and receiving something for free (i.e. without cost, Lou 2019). These freecycling markets serve as important counterpoints to the city state's implementation of household recycling, which closes long circularity loops. Compared to long recycling loops, short reuse loops are preferable because they are better at conserving materials and energy by retaining an object's form, function and value (Reike et al. 2018). 6. Source: Reuse practices and household consumption work (#V9QTJP), David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons, p. 2 Context: #YDJM7S Prácticas de reutilización y trabajo de consumo doméstico #UTZZ6F Introduction Matching excerpt #6U9397: With a growing emphasis on the 'Circular Economy' in debates on consumption, sustainability and everyday life, systems of reuse are increasingly attracting attention (for example (EMF, 2019), (Greenpeace, 2020)) in transforming 'production-consumption systems towards enhanced material circularity' (Greene et al., 2024, p. 1). For example, the UK Plastics Pact emphasizes the need for a series of technical and design-based solutions in 'eliminating problematic plastics' and 'creating a circular economy for plastics' (WRAP, n.d.). At the same time, there is a strong emphasis on 'hard hitting campaigns' that encourage citizens to 'recycle more of the right things' (WRAP, n.d.) and a widespread sense that consumers must 'do their bit' by, for example, switching from single-use plastics to reusable packaging. 1 Within social science work, the role of 'consumer-users' and the labour involved in achieving a more sustainable circular economy has been identified as a critical, but often overlooked, component of citizen participation (Greene et al., 2024; Hobson, 2020; Hobson et al., 2021). Hobson's work suggests that any successful transition towards a circular economy requires a shift beyond prevailing individualistic perspectives on consumer behaviour that have dominated policy approaches against the backdrop of technocratic changes (cf. Shove, 2010). This paper contributes to these debates, focusing on the dynamics of existing household consumption practices to better understand how these might enable or inhibit the development of systems of reuse. Approximate matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 24 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #E4Z6F8 The interdisciplinary research field of circular consumption #PZ5SEK Sociological circular consumption research2 Score: 0.656 Related excerpt #YPW5FP: Through these sociological studies, one can see how performing circular consumption is embedded in everyday lives and the ability to carry out the work of adopting new circular practices, moreover, extending previous ones (Hobson et al., 2021) are shaped by the social, material and cultural factors that shape everyday lives (Hobson, 2020). Thus, performing circular consumption is not a straightforward undertaking. 2. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 5 Context: #9RHV7M 5. FREE(CYCLING) MARKETS: INTERVENTIONS IN MATERIAL(IST) CIRCULARITIES Score: 0.684 Related excerpt #X986VY: Our two case studies are instructive in fleshing out the intersections between sustainable materialism and circular activisms from below by illustrating (a) how material circularity loops can be shortened 'with a minimum of entropy' (Reike et al. 2018: 254) and (b) how short loops cannot be understood in isolation from longer ones. 3. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT #9A563U KEYWORDS: Score: 0.646 Related excerpt #8S6R7F: Circular economy, R-behaviours, sustainable materialism, reuse, rescue, recirculation 4. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 4 Context: #MLNREG 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: R-BEHAVIOURS, SUSTAINABLE MATERIALISM, CIRCULAR ACTIVISMS #EEEVLJ 3.2 SUSTAINABLE MATERIALISMS AND CIRCULAR ACTIVISMS Score: 0.644 Related excerpt #TTGGX7: Whereas Schlosberg (2019) places a great emphasis on the material flow/circulation of things, he has yet to engage with the circular economic agenda and has overlooked how such material flows are imbricated in material circularity loops. Schlosberg and Coles (2015: 164) also note that sustainable materialist action has spurred practices such as mending and upcycling without identifying them as circular R-behaviours (i.e. repair and repurpose, respectively). Moreover, they identify several collectives (e.g. farmers' markets, community energy initiatives, Schlosberg and Coles 2015) that fall under the ambit of sustainable materialist movements but are not considered what Böhm et al. (2023) term circular society activisms . In contrast to macro-scale circular policies, scholars are beginning to document micro-scale circular activisms from below involving the collective organisation of R-behaviours like reuse, repair and repurposing (Hobson 2016; Holmes 2018; Bradley and Persson 2022; Carenzo et al. 2022; Böhm et al. 2023) but have discounted the recirculation of things, especially through freeycling. They have examined how these circular activisms provide an alternative form of urban provisioning, create a social infrastructure for successful circular transitions and prefigure circular futures in the present. 5. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 2 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.642 Related excerpt #VMUPZH: can be operationalised through R-behaviours. We identify other R-behaviours such as rescue and recirculation that are vital to the closing of short reuse loops but are rarely explicitly foregrounded in the literature on circular R-behaviours. Section four describes the ethnographic case study approach that we have employed in this study. It also introduces two community-based freecycling markets as our case studies of a sustainable materialist movement. Section five attends to materialist interventions in the form of shortening material circularity loops via rescue and recirculation. It also addresses the complex material entanglements of short and long circularity loops. Section six critically appraises the socio-spatial-temporal sustainability of sustainable materialist freecycling markets in light of their material constraints and leakages. 6. Source: Material culture and the circular economy (#R69WZQ), Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, p. 0 Context: #J8TDC3 Material culture and the circular economy #7H9E6C KEYWORDS Score: 0.681 Related excerpt #EUZWN7: circular economy, material culture, object relations, repair, sharing, re-use, material flow 7. Source: New spaces, ordinary practices: Circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning (#XATD2A), Helen Holmes, p. 2 Context: #AHCZ2X New spaces, ordinary practices: Circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning #4F5EEN 2. Situating provisioning #38LM6C 2.2. Circular economy and sharing economy Score: 0.643 Related excerpt #56AZCA: In a previous study with others (Mylan et al., 2016), I argue for recognition of the domestic as a site of CE; where practices that constitute domestic life, including food sharing, repurposing and recycling, already involve the circularity of materials. Similarly, Hobson (2016: 96) alludes to the importance of the household, and the materials which flow in and out, in expanding CE's realm. In addition, and as already noted, connections are being made between CE and SE. Lacy and Rutqvist (2015) describe the sharing platform, and the likes of Uber and Lyft Inc, as CE business models. Whilst not expressively stating the varying forms of economy at work, research by Niinimäki and Hassi (2011) likewise draws upon the links between PSS schemes involving fashion items, and more sustainable, circular modes of consumption. Thus, it is evident that the division between SE/CE is blurred and the two are often interwoven. Hobson (2016) also makes these connections to PSS and the interweaving of CE/SE, referencing models such as Zipcar. However, Hobson (2016) pushes at this further, referring to social enterprises and 'generative spaces' (p.98) of everyday activism, such as repair cafes, as spaces of the CE. Hobson's work bridges the lacunae between the sharing and circular economies, opening up the possibilities that diverse economic spaces offer to issues of circularity, sustainability and activism. As Hobson states (2016: 99), there is potential for 'rich engagement, through both further conceptual and empirical exploration'. This article empirically fleshes out what such spaces look like and how they engage in practices of circulating and sharing. 8. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 1 Context: #SP7ZUD Introduction Score: 0.642 Related excerpt #PD5SLU: To illustrate our theoretical arguments, we use empirical insights from a research project in which two of the authors generated data on circular fashion. Our method is inspired by narrative research (Polkinghorne, 1988; Riessman, 1993) and 'creative analytical processes (CAP) ethnography' (Richardson & St. Pierre, 2005, p. 962). We narrate three different stories, each following the biography of a singular consumption object as it becomes entangled in three circular consumption scenarios inspired by the three commonly used Rs of the CE: reducing, reusing, and recycling. While we acknowledge that various interpretations of the partly overlapping Rs exist and that researchers have detailed more nuanced CE processes (Kirchherr et al., 2017), we believe that the three Rs fit our purpose of illustration. By offering a reading of the sociomaterial assembling (DeLanda, 2006) of circular consumption through these narratives, our chapter contributes to the field of sociological studies of circular consumption (Camacho-Otero et al., 2020; Hobson et al., 2021; Lehtokunnas et al., 2022; Mylan et al., 2016). ### 44. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 89 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #786WQP Research paper 3 #86QEGH Title: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Matching excerpt #WCXFD3: To summarise, the paper reveals how caring for more extended needs (social others and the environment) and circular clothing consumption are intertwined. It also shows how specific care problems, like struggles, due to a lack of resources, as well as dilemmas, due to conflicting care needs and responsibilities, lead to failures in bringing about circular consumption. Hence, these findings show the key role that the successful enactment of care practices plays in performing circular consumption. 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 89 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #786WQP Research paper 3 #86QEGH Title: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Matching excerpt #VP8FU5: We contribute to sociological circular consumption research that previously showed the ethical and consumption work involved with circular consumption (Hobson et al., 2021; Lehtokunnas et al., 2022; Närvänen et al., 2023; Sutcliffe, 2022), as well as the challenges of performing circular consumption (Åberg and Greene, 2024; Wethal and Hoff, 2024). In our study, we add to this research stream in several ways. We first show how care practices are intertwined with circular consumption, by illustrating how the work involved with circular consumption can be perceived as more meaningful through care, and how the challenges of circular consumption can, at least partly, be understood as problems in enacting the care practices. Second, with our findings, we add to the somewhat ignored social and relational aspects of performing circular consumption (see also Meißner, 2021; Morrow and Davies, 2022), by showing how participants cared for known or unknown others through performing circular clothing consumption. Lastly, with the findings on the problems and failures of enacting care practices, we show that it is not enough for consumers to be concerned and take responsibility for others. For care enactments, and hence for the performance of circular consumption, resources must be present. These resources were often lacking in the wider market arrangements. 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 77 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #FGYNDY Methodology: studying practices ethnographically in retail and household settings #PQNQPZ Study 2 – Ethnographic field trial in household settings #F2FTZU Analyses Matching excerpt #KRLU2X: in the theory chapter. The interviews were uploaded to NVivo, and I coded them with the help of the collaboratively developed care practice framework. We held analysis meetings (Pink and Morgan, 2013) with the paper's co-author, Christian Fuentes, to discuss the key themes that emerged regarding care in circular practices. We used different questions to guide the identification and discussion of the different themes, such as 'What forms of care awareness are present in relation to different forms of circular consumption?', 'How did the participants take responsibility?', and 'What resources did participants draw on?'. After this, we moved on to identify how the participants manoeuvred and managed different care problems, i.e., care struggles and care dilemmas that emerged while trying to enact care and perform circular consumption. 4. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 13 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Matching excerpt #U6RVL7: However, in our analysis, we also found that caring for the environment or social others is not enough to perform different forms of circular consumption. Care resources were crucial when enacting care in the context of circular consumption. Without access to care resources, participants encountered what we termed 'care struggles'. Furthermore, participants were often aware of and took responsibility for multiple care needs, where meeting all of them simultaneously or with the same enactment of care was not possible. We highlighted how this led to care dilemmas, further complicating the performance of circular clothing consumption. 5. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 0 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Matching excerpt #R3BCC8: In a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Thus, although seldom made explicit, consumer care is built into the circular economy project. In this article, we aim to contribute to the emerging body of sociological work on circular consumption by foregrounding the role of care in the performance of circular clothing practices. Theoretically, we combine previous care literature with theories of practice. The analysis builds on an ethnographically inspired study of 24 households' circular clothing consumption. Our findings suggest that accomplishing circularity in everyday clothing consumption involves developing care awareness and taking on responsibility for the care of clothes as a way of caring for distant others. We also show that multiple care struggles and care dilemmas complicate the accomplishment of care in this context. The article ends by outlining the possible contributions of developing an awareness and understanding of how care and circular consumption are intertwined. 6. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 14 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Matching excerpt #HS25S8: Third, our analysis of caring in circular clothing practices highlights that the performance of circular consumption requires more than care awareness and responsibility-taking. Consumers also rely on care resources of different sorts. These resources, in turn, are often connected to and made available by wider market structures. This contributes to sociological circular consumption research, as it foregrounds how circular consumption is embedded and often shaped by wider market arrangements. As circular consumption research turns its attention to the home (for example, Greene et al, 2024), it is important to understand that performing different forms of circular consumption in the home is also embedded in a wider consumption landscape (Fuentes and Sörum, 2019). 7. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 13 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Matching excerpt #RQVYTZ: These findings contribute to sociologically oriented, circular consumption research in several ways. First, we show that the notion of care needs to be taken into account when trying to understand and enable circular consumption. While conceptual work on circular consumption has highlighted the potential relevance of care for circularity (Hobson et al, 2021; Greene et al, 2024), this topic has received little focused empirical attention. We address this paucity, showing that the performance of circular consumption not only involves specific socio-material arrangements, know-how, time and consumer labour but is also enabled and shaped by the enactment of care. Care awareness, responsibility-taking, and access and mobilisation of care resources were all crucial to the performance of circular clothing consumption. 8. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 10 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #TV3KCQ Results and analysis: care in performing circular clothing practices #NCT78S Problems when caring for clothes and distant others Matching excerpt #XQ7SY6: Earlier, we showed how performing circular clothing consumption was connected to and supported by the enactment of care to address the needs of the environment and social others. In doing so, we focused entirely on how the performance of circular consumption was enabled by successfully enacting care. These were instances where consumers became aware of care needs, took responsibility for addressing them, and then accessed and mobilised the necessary resources to enact care while also performing circularity. Approximate matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 99 Context: #KBKAA9 Concluding discussion #NA5VDS Performing circular consumption and its (im)possibilities Score: 0.767 Related excerpt #B44W6C: environmental others, either close or distant in the sense of time and/or space. This care is attempted to be delivered through various forms of circular (clothing) practices, such as repair, re-selling, or better ways of handling the garments. The care involved in circular practices on the one hand makes the work of circular consumption more social and meaningful. However, in circular clothing practices multiple identified care needs are handled, and various resources need to be gathered to deliver care. Thus, delivering such care and thereby performing circular consumption is a complex task, even for engaged and knowledgeable consumers. 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 89 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #CJTF2K Research paper findings #786WQP Research paper 3 #86QEGH Title: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Score: 0.743 Related excerpt #WCXFD3: To summarise, the paper reveals how caring for more extended needs (social others and the environment) and circular clothing consumption are intertwined. It also shows how specific care problems, like struggles, due to a lack of resources, as well as dilemmas, due to conflicting care needs and responsibilities, lead to failures in bringing about circular consumption. Hence, these findings show the key role that the successful enactment of care practices plays in performing circular consumption. 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 7 Context: #V7X3B2 The (im)possibilities of circular consumption Score: 0.741 Related excerpt #86PD78: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings 4. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 0 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Score: 0.785 Related excerpt #R3BCC8: In a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Thus, although seldom made explicit, consumer care is built into the circular economy project. In this article, we aim to contribute to the emerging body of sociological work on circular consumption by foregrounding the role of care in the performance of circular clothing practices. Theoretically, we combine previous care literature with theories of practice. The analysis builds on an ethnographically inspired study of 24 households' circular clothing consumption. Our findings suggest that accomplishing circularity in everyday clothing consumption involves developing care awareness and taking on responsibility for the care of clothes as a way of caring for distant others. We also show that multiple care struggles and care dilemmas complicate the accomplishment of care in this context. The article ends by outlining the possible contributions of developing an awareness and understanding of how care and circular consumption are intertwined. 5. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 0 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing Score: 0.776 Related excerpt #T6CVN6: Keywords circular consumption • care-in-practice • care problems • clothing 6. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 1 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #QR437R Introduction Score: 0.761 Related excerpt #A42MYV: Circular consumption involves consumer practices that work towards extending product lifetimes and enabling multiple cycles of use and recycling (Mylan et al, 2016; Hobson, 2020; Sutcliffe, 2022). Accordingly, in a circular system, consumers need to acquire, use, look after and part with products in ways that recirculate or reuse materials and minimise waste. Therefore, consumers are asked to care for their belongings (Ackermann, 2018; Jaeger-Erben et al, 2021; Rabiú and Jaeger-Erben, 2022) while at the same time care for the environment and future generations. Although seldom made explicit, consumer care is thus built into the circular economy project. For example, consumers are asked to care for packaging – recycle, wash and fold it – and sort it into the appropriate bins. Consumers are also asked to care for food, plan their food shopping, ‘rescue’ food close to its expiration date and make meals from leftovers to reduce food waste. Furthermore, as this article will explore in more detail, they are urged to repair their clothes, wash them sparingly, and protect them from wear and tear. All these prompts are aimed at not only caring for consumption objects but also at caring for the environment, the welfare of distant others and future generations. 7. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 13 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Score: 0.756 Related excerpt #U6RVL7: However, in our analysis, we also found that caring for the environment or social others is not enough to perform different forms of circular consumption. Care resources were crucial when enacting care in the context of circular consumption. Without access to care resources, participants encountered what we termed 'care struggles'. Furthermore, participants were often aware of and took responsibility for multiple care needs, where meeting all of them simultaneously or with the same enactment of care was not possible. We highlighted how this led to care dilemmas, further complicating the performance of circular clothing consumption. 8. Source: Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing (#AVNZLE), Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg, p. 13 Context: #S6NTVJ Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing #NBA5ZR Discussion and conclusion Score: 0.741 Related excerpt #JLBKMR: We demonstrated that in circular consumption caring for clothes is interlinked with caring for distant others. Moreover, we showed how caring for the environment and for social others was intimately linked to the circular consumption of clothes through practices such as repairing, shopping second-hand and donating. This analysis shows that care to some extent makes the work and difficulties involved with circular consumption worthwhile. Hence, maintaining clothing in environmental ways and extending its lifetimes, as well as passing them on, was made more meaningful through the care awareness and responsibility-taking that the participants engaged in. ### 45. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 2 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Matching excerpt #VMUPZH: can be operationalised through R-behaviours. We identify other R-behaviours such as rescue and recirculation that are vital to the closing of short reuse loops but are rarely explicitly foregrounded in the literature on circular R-behaviours. Section four describes the ethnographic case study approach that we have employed in this study. It also introduces two community-based freecycling markets as our case studies of a sustainable materialist movement. Section five attends to materialist interventions in the form of shortening material circularity loops via rescue and recirculation. It also addresses the complex material entanglements of short and long circularity loops. Section six critically appraises the socio-spatial-temporal sustainability of sustainable materialist freecycling markets in light of their material constraints and leakages. 2. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT Matching excerpt #NKZQC2: This paper seeks to redress the over-emphasis on state-driven circular policies in public and academic discourses by attending to two physical community-based freecycling markets at the emerging frontiers of circular waste/resource management in Singapore. Freecycling markets that close short reuse loops are a counterpoint to policies that close long recycling loops. Drawing primarily on empirical data from ethnographic fieldwork, we argue that freecycling markets exemplify a sustainable materialist movement concerned about the sustainability of material resources vis-à-vis the closing/shortening of material circularity loops. This is achieved through the reconfiguration of (a) material flows and (b) material relations. The redirection of unwanted but reusable household objects away from the incinerator and towards potential reusers animates a shift from a linear to circular material flow. We contend that this redirection of material resources for reuse is augmented by rescue and recirculation, which are relatively neglected within the scholarship on circular R-behaviours. Additionally, freecycling markets seek to transform material relations by encouraging care and stewardship, instead of use and disposal. Crucially, we highlight how freecycling markets may be plagued with material constraints that render them not-so-sustainable-and-scalable, thereby shedding light on the practical limits of sustainable materialist action. Taken together, this paper extends the scholarship on circular economies by bringing work on sustainable materialism into a productive dialogue with that on circular activisms and R-behaviours. 3. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Matching excerpt #V3L9GS: Simultaneously, we observed that objects in the free(cycling) markets are entrained in a complex entanglement of short and long material circuits lubricated by various R-behaviours beyond rescue and recirculation for reuse. Free(cycling) markets may also be plagued with material constraints and leakages in material circularity loops, thereby shedding light on the difficulties of sustaining sustainable materialist action. The material constraints that we have spotlighted are also profoundly spatial, and may apply to other densely populated, land scarce cities. 4. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Matching excerpt #GN9U22: reconfigure material flows by redirecting unwanted but reusable household objects away from the incinerator and towards potential reusers, thereby closing/shortening circularity loops in the process. The redirection of material resources for cascading reuse is augmented by rescue and recirculation, which have been relatively neglected within the scholarship on circular R-behaviours. Here, rescue refers to the material practice of salvaging discarded but functional objects from the rubbish bin, so as to 'save' them from being re/down-cycled or incinerated. Rescue usually needs to happen earlier, or further upstream, before recirculation. 1 Recirculation entails re-distributing rescued/unwanted/surplus items to other potential end-users. Additionally, these markets seek to transform material relations/practices by encouraging stewardship (via reuse) and discouraging a consumerist, throw-away culture. 5. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Matching excerpt #J46PZ3: Scholars working in the field of circular economies have identified the predominance of top-down, often technocratic and market-based approaches at the expense of ground-up collaborative grassroots initiatives (Hobson 2020; Böhm et al. 2023). We seek to redress this over-emphasis on state-driven circular policies in public and academic discourses by attending to two case studies at the emerging frontiers of Singapore's circular waste management. These case studies pertain to two physical community-based freecycling markets that facilitate the closing and shortening of circularity loops via reuse. Freecycling refers to the practice of giving and receiving something for free (i.e. without cost, Lou 2019). These freecycling markets serve as important counterpoints to the city state's implementation of household recycling, which closes long circularity loops. Compared to long recycling loops, short reuse loops are preferable because they are better at conserving materials and energy by retaining an object's form, function and value (Reike et al. 2018). 6. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 7 Context: #9RHV7M 5. FREE(CYCLING) MARKETS: INTERVENTIONS IN MATERIAL(IST) CIRCULARITIES #7YCCSA 5.2 ENTANGLEMENTS OF MATERIAL CIRCULARITY LOOPS Matching excerpt #LE452S: Additionally, circular R-behaviours can be more holistically apprehended as complex entanglements of short (e.g. reduce, reuse) and long (e.g. recycling, recovery) material circularity loops. Although we seek to underline the salience of rescue and recirculation in cascading reuse , material circuits are multi-directional and seldom neat or discrete, as they tend to cross-cut and occur in tandem. 7. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 3 Context: #MLNREG 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: R-BEHAVIOURS, SUSTAINABLE MATERIALISM, CIRCULAR ACTIVISMS #8K73BS 3.1 CIRCULAR R-BEHAVIOURS Matching excerpt #KE8NXD: Scholars have pointed out that the recirculation of things through freecycling networks plays a vital role in promoting reuse as well as less materialistic and more sustainable consumption habits (Eden 2017; Klug 2017; Lou 2019; Liu et al. 2020; Gregson 2023). Aside from a gift economy, freecycling has also been identified as a means of collaborative consumption plugged into a sharing economy (Wiesser 2019; Liu et al. 2019). Nevertheless, the relationship between freecycling and circularity has not been well examined thus far. An exception is Eden's (2017) elaboration of how prosumption (i.e. the blurring of production and consumption) is reformulated by the circular movements of meanings and materials as things are disassembled and reassembled as well as shift from being 'unwanted' to 'wanted'. Accordingly, she has highlighted the ways in which freecycling implicates other R-behaviours such as repair and repurposing, besides reuse. In handing things down and around, their materiality gets transformed, and value gets recirculated in these open-ended freecycling networks. More recently, smart phone applications and internet technologies have connected those wanting to buy/sell, rent, lend, barter/swap, freecycle/freegan' virtually (see Norbutas and Corten 2018; Liu et al. 2020 on freecycling groups online). Nonetheless, there is still value in physical markets, as seen in Milios and Dalhammar's (2020) work exploring the novel prospects of sharing re-usable items in Swedish recycling centres to gain insight into the most viable product groups for recirculation. Taken together, the rescue and recirculation of items in good 8. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Matching excerpt #YRL8CA: Taken together, this paper extends the scholarship on circular economies by bringing work on sustainable materialism into a productive dialogue with that on circular R-behaviours in two main ways. First, unpacking reuse more thoroughly in terms of rescue and recirculation extends Reike et al.'s (2018) ideas on short circularity loops. It also adds empirical meat to the conceptual skeleton of sustainable materialisms while foregrounding the extent to which sustainable materialist action can be transposed to circular initiatives in Singapore. Second, we posit that the conceptual purchase of sustainable materialism lies in its politicisation of collective material practices. Overall, this approach lends an explicitly materialist lens to an understanding of circular R-behaviours, thereby ameliorating the scholarship's tendency to present the 'consumer/user as a dematerialised subject, rather than one deeply embedded in ... complex socio-material relations' (Hobson 2020: 106). Approximate matches 1. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 6 Context: #9RHV7M 5. FREE(CYCLING) MARKETS: INTERVENTIONS IN MATERIAL(IST) CIRCULARITIES #MQYJLV 5.1 SHORTENING AND SUSTAINING MATERIAL CIRCULARITY LOOPS Score: 0.786 Related excerpt #GKTRKH: Freeycling markets are sustainable materialist interventions in linear flows of material products from the retailer, consumer and to the incinerator. Such interventions involve shortening material circularity loops, accomplished via the rescue of things from the incinerator and the recirculation of reusable things among market attendees. Rescuers mentioned that they bring things they have salvaged but do not have a use for to SRRFM and/or TnT to 'pass them on'. In other instances, consumers may only require something temporarily. As such, things occasionally get taken only to be recirculated and returned to the mat weeks later. Overall, the material co-presence of a critical mass of givers, takers and reusable things allows for the efficient recirculation of material resources (instead of travelling to different places for different things). As a regular giver at SRRFM, Zing remarked that her 'things move slowly on Olio (freeycling application), there's a better chance that they might be taken at a free market, where everyone congregates' (see Figures 1a and b). 2. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.751 Related excerpt #J46PZ3: Scholars working in the field of circular economies have identified the predominance of top-down, often technocratic and market-based approaches at the expense of ground-up collaborative grassroots initiatives (Hobson 2020; Böhm et al. 2023). We seek to redress this over-emphasis on state-driven circular policies in public and academic discourses by attending to two case studies at the emerging frontiers of Singapore's circular waste management. These case studies pertain to two physical community-based freecycling markets that facilitate the closing and shortening of circularity loops via reuse. Freecycling refers to the practice of giving and receiving something for free (i.e. without cost, Lou 2019). These freecycling markets serve as important counterpoints to the city state's implementation of household recycling, which closes long circularity loops. Compared to long recycling loops, short reuse loops are preferable because they are better at conserving materials and energy by retaining an object's form, function and value (Reike et al. 2018). 3. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 3 Context: #MLNREG 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: R-BEHAVIOURS, SUSTAINABLE MATERIALISM, CIRCULAR ACTIVISMS #8K73BS 3.1 CIRCULAR R-BEHAVIOURS Score: 0.751 Related excerpt #KE8NXD: Scholars have pointed out that the recirculation of things through freecycling networks plays a vital role in promoting reuse as well as less materialistic and more sustainable consumption habits (Eden 2017; Klug 2017; Lou 2019; Liu et al. 2020; Gregson 2023). Aside from a gift economy, freecycling has also been identified as a means of collaborative consumption plugged into a sharing economy (Wiesser 2019; Liu et al. 2019). Nevertheless, the relationship between freecycling and circularity has not been well examined thus far. An exception is Eden's (2017) elaboration of how prosumption (i.e. the blurring of production and consumption) is reformulated by the circular movements of meanings and materials as things are disassembled and reassembled as well as shift from being 'unwanted' to 'wanted'. Accordingly, she has highlighted the ways in which freecycling implicates other R-behaviours such as repair and repurposing, besides reuse. In handing things down and around, their materiality gets transformed, and value gets recirculated in these open-ended freecycling networks. More recently, smart phone applications and internet technologies have connected those wanting to buy/sell, rent, lend, barter/swap, freecycle/freegan' virtually (see Norbutas and Corten 2018; Liu et al. 2020 on freecycling groups online). Nonetheless, there is still value in physical markets, as seen in Milios and Dalhammar's (2020) work exploring the novel prospects of sharing re-usable items in Swedish recycling centres to gain insight into the most viable product groups for recirculation. Taken together, the rescue and recirculation of items in good 4. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.74 Related excerpt #GN9U22: reconfigure material flows by redirecting unwanted but reusable household objects away from the incinerator and towards potential reusers, thereby closing/shortening circularity loops in the process. The redirection of material resources for cascading reuse is augmented by rescue and recirculation, which have been relatively neglected within the scholarship on circular R-behaviours. Here, rescue refers to the material practice of salvaging discarded but functional objects from the rubbish bin, so as to 'save' them from being re/down-cycled or incinerated. Rescue usually needs to happen earlier, or further upstream, before recirculation. 1 Recirculation entails re-distributing rescued/unwanted/surplus items to other potential end-users. Additionally, these markets seek to transform material relations/practices by encouraging stewardship (via reuse) and discouraging a consumerist, throw-away culture. 5. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 1 Context: #FRLSVA 1. INTRODUCTION Score: 0.737 Related excerpt #NFAG3J: The paper's main objective is to illuminate how freecycling markets are sustainable materialist movements and circular activisms from below that promote the shortening of reuse circularity loops. Drawing primarily on empirical data from ethnographic fieldwork, we argue that the freecycling markets exemplify what Schlosberg (2019) calls a sustainable materialist movement concerned about the sustainability of material resources in terms of material flows (through circularity loops) and everyday material relations/practices (through circular R-behaviours). Free(cycling) markets strive to 6. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 2 Context: #DNLVCU 2. STATE POLICIES AND DISCOURSES IN SINGAPORE'S CIRCULAR TRANSITION Score: 0.724 Related excerpt #ND7PXV: Notably, NEA has not spearheaded any campaigns or activities to close short reuse loops, even though a list of where consumers can donate, repair or resell their things has been appended on its website. 4 Instructions to donate reusable but non-recyclable items are also pasted on blue recycling bins. If the closing of long recycling loops is not a viable or preferable R-behaviour then pivoting towards shortening loops via cascading reuse is necessary and long overdue. Freecycling/freecycling, food rescue and, to a lesser extent, dumpster diving (i.e. the rescue of discarded items) are currently surfacing as waste-light lifestyles that close material reuse loops ( The Straits Times 2020; 2022 ). The profusion of alternative divestment and consumption networks has been invigorated by smart-phone applications such as Olio and GoodHood ( Ong et al. 2020 ). While the trend in requesting for and consuming rescued food and other reusable items online is rising, the act of rescuing things from the rubbish bin (i.e. not directly from retailers or distributors) remains stigmatised. 5 7. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT Score: 0.718 Related excerpt #NKZQC2: This paper seeks to redress the over-emphasis on state-driven circular policies in public and academic discourses by attending to two physical community-based freecycling markets at the emerging frontiers of circular waste/resource management in Singapore. Freecycling markets that close short reuse loops are a counterpoint to policies that close long recycling loops. Drawing primarily on empirical data from ethnographic fieldwork, we argue that freecycling markets exemplify a sustainable materialist movement concerned about the sustainability of material resources vis-à-vis the closing/shortening of material circularity loops. This is achieved through the reconfiguration of (a) material flows and (b) material relations. The redirection of unwanted but reusable household objects away from the incinerator and towards potential reusers animates a shift from a linear to circular material flow. We contend that this redirection of material resources for reuse is augmented by rescue and recirculation, which are relatively neglected within the scholarship on circular R-behaviours. Additionally, freecycling markets seek to transform material relations by encouraging care and stewardship, instead of use and disposal. Crucially, we highlight how freecycling markets may be plagued with material constraints that render them not-so-sustainable-and-scalable, thereby shedding light on the practical limits of sustainable materialist action. Taken together, this paper extends the scholarship on circular economies by bringing work on sustainable materialism into a productive dialogue with that on circular activisms and R-behaviours. 8. Source: Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore (#FHZZ6U), Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan, p. 0 Context: #Q7N47M ABSTRACT #9A563U KEYWORDS: Score: 0.715 Related excerpt #8S6R7F: Circular economy, R-behaviours, sustainable materialism, reuse, rescue, recirculation ### 46. Tool result: search_text Exact matches 1. Source: After Practice? Material Semiotic Approaches to Consumption and Economy (#4EFC4F), David M. Evans, p. 5 Context: #AG3WUY Theories of Practice and Material Semiotics Matching excerpt #NZ35DC: The analysis that follows makes this argument through reference to three bodies of work: (i) actor-network approaches to market agencements ; (ii) perspectives on the social life of things, and (iii) discussions of ontological politics. In each case, I use brief examples from a recent project on the significance of 'freshness' in the agro-food sector 5 to demonstrate the basis and potential for integration with practice theoretic accounts of consumption. Before getting to this, it is important to present a working definition of consumption. I understand consumption as a process involving specific 'moments' beyond the act of acquisition. Following Warde (2005), I suggest that consumption also involves appropriation (use, personalisation and incorporation into people's everyday lives) and appreciation (involving personal and symbolic frameworks of judgement and evaluation). To each of these A's, I propose a counterpart D (Evans, 2019) such that consumption also involves devaluation (the loss of economic or use value, symbolic failure), divestment (the loss of personal meaning, the unravelling of attachments) and disposal (getting rid of things). These processes can involve goods, services and experiences which can either be accessed and disposed of through market exchanges or alternative channels. Consumers have 'some degree of discretion' in these processes, which are undertaken for 'utilitarian, expressive and contemplative' purposes (see Warde, 2005: 137). This definition is provisional and intended to frame engagement with each of the following three perspectives. 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 57 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #SNWRH8 Summary Matching excerpt #VXHMM7: To summarise, I understand consumption as different moments of acquisition, appropriation, appreciation (Warde, 2005, 2014) and devaluation, divestment, disposal (Evans 2019) that arise within and for the enactment of practices (Warde, 2005, 2014, Evans 2019). Marrying this conceptualisation with market studies arguments, I acknowledge the role of socio-material 3. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #QQDSF8 Practice theory in the field of consumption Matching excerpt #VMLDNN: whether for utilitarian, expressive or contemplative purposes, of goods, services, performances, information or ambience, whether purchased or not, over which the agent has some degree of discretion" (Warde, 2005, p. 137). This is a broad definition that moves beyond the act of purchase and includes use. Moreover, expanding on the idea that consumption is a process rather than a practice, Warde, and later Evans, conceptualised consumption as a process consisting of various phases, what they called the three As of acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation and the three Ds of devaluation, divestment, and disposal (Evans, 2019). 4. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #QQDSF8 Practice theory in the field of consumption Matching excerpt #YWSREJ: Acquisition entails processes of exchange, such as purchasing, but it can also include other ways in which people gain access to goods, such as gifting, trading, or borrowing. Appropriation involves the process of giving meaning to the things acquired and making them fit into one's everyday life. Appreciation refers to various forms of pleasure and satisfaction from the use of goods. Devaluation is understood as the counterpart of appreciation, which entails the loss of value, either materially through wear and tear, or the loss of cultural meanings, for example, by something going out of style. Divestment is the counterpart of appropriation and refers to instances in which goods no longer fit consumers and their everyday practices and are therefore divested from use. Finally, the counterpart of acquisition, disposal, involves the various ways in which goods are disposed of, such as gifting, recycling, or binning (Evans, 2019). Thus, a single good – a service or a product – can go through multiple phases of consumption from being acquired, appropriated, and appreciated to being devalued, divested, and disposed. 5. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 9 Context: #MPE3TK Discussion and conclusions Matching excerpt #HQMDDN: We exemplified three modes of circular consumption by following Ann's green sweater in three very different circular consumption scenarios. The accompanying theoretical readings of these examples showed that for each type of circular consumption mode to be possible, the garment had to go through several processes of acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation, as well as divestment and devaluation (Evans, 2019). A specific set of elements also had to be assembled for these to happen. This sociomaterial reading illustrated that the assembling of circular consumption arrangements was a complex accomplishment involving the cultivation of new meanings, the development of competencies, and the use of and access to materials, devices, and infrastructures. Figure 26.1 presents a summary of the insights from the three narratives. 6. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #D6XSXA Theories of practice and the assembling of circular consumption Matching excerpt #KRBVR9: The previously discussed broad definition of consumption is important to the issue of circular consumption, as it includes not only the purchase and use of goods but also the processes and activities connected with the goods' (de)valuation and disposal or recirculation. Circular consumption is, in large, about recirculating goods through the phases of consumption. A consumption object, such as a piece of clothing, ideally moves in a CE through several rounds of acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation in several sets of different consumers' practices before it is finally used up. Approximate matches 1. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 57 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #SNWRH8 Summary Score: 0.666 Related excerpt #VXHMM7: To summarise, I understand consumption as different moments of acquisition, appropriation, appreciation (Warde, 2005, 2014) and devaluation, divestment, disposal (Evans 2019) that arise within and for the enactment of practices (Warde, 2005, 2014, Evans 2019). Marrying this conceptualisation with market studies arguments, I acknowledge the role of socio-material 2. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 38 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #BDRQSR A practice theories approach to producing and performing circular consumption #6W7W3E The practice turn in the sociology of consumption Score: 0.657 Related excerpt #Z4SQKT: Importantly, Evans (2019) argues that consumption is not only about how things come into use but also involves how these things (or experiences and services) are eventually parted with. Thus, Evans (2019: 507) proposes that each of Warde's (2005, 2014) "As" has a counterpart "D", that is devaluation, divestment and disposal. In this framework, devaluation refers to how the derived pleasure from a consumption object diminishes, and divestment describes the process where the personal meanings and attachments are broken with the object (Evans, 2019). Lastly, disposal describes the different processes by which objects are parted with (Evans, 2019). Thus, the 3As and 3Ds framework describes consumption from the moment of goods being acquired, until how they are eventually disposed of. 3. Source: The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings (#8EVNK8), Réka Tölg, p. 37 Context: #T6KQ92 Introduction #BDRQSR A practice theories approach to producing and performing circular consumption #6W7W3E The practice turn in the sociology of consumption Score: 0.612 Related excerpt #5KQT7L: With the shifting attention to how ordinary consumption unfolds as part of carrying out everyday practices, the attention also shifted to questions of how different things are used after being purchased. Warde (2005, 2014) refers to these different moments of consumption as processes of acquiring, appropriating and appreciation. This understanding of consumption thus encompasses how goods are exchanged, but also how they are then used and how pleasure and satisfaction is derived from the consumed good (Evans 2019). 4. Source: Selling Thrift: Work Practices in an American Thrift Store (#HJXUZN), Frederik Larsen, p. 2 Context: #V7GCNS Selling Thrift: Work Practices in an American Thrift Store #R7W957 Introduction Score: 0.607 Related excerpt #V3A2MR: following decades. As an analytical concept, it relates to acquisition, possession, consumption, and disposition (Askegaard 2015). 5. Source: Consumption and Practice (#QRRZP2), Benjamin Julien Hartmann, p. 17 Context: #LSJS5V I. Introduction #8N3LVR 1.1 Consumption and Consumer Culture #VS2ZHZ 1. Introduction Score: 0.597 Related excerpt #TRF8SV: Consumption is not necessarily confined to the act of purchasing; it can be understood as a process that involves the appropriation, uses, enjoyment, appreciation, and/or experience of material and or immaterial objects such as goods, services, ideas, information, performances, and ambience for a variety of purposes including utilitarian, symbolic/expressive, hedonic/emotional, and contemplative ends (Halkier, Katz-Gerro and Martens 2011; Holbrook and Hirschman 1982; Holbrook 1999; Warde 2005). Thus, consumption is portrayed as a meaningful and value-laden activity of social beings (e.g., Firat and Dholakia 2006; Holbrook 1999; Ramirez 1999; Slater 1997) over which the consumer has some degree of discretion and which may or may not involve acts of purchasing (Warde 2005). 6. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #QQDSF8 Practice theory in the field of consumption Score: 0.787 Related excerpt #YWSREJ: Acquisition entails processes of exchange, such as purchasing, but it can also include other ways in which people gain access to goods, such as gifting, trading, or borrowing. Appropriation involves the process of giving meaning to the things acquired and making them fit into one's everyday life. Appreciation refers to various forms of pleasure and satisfaction from the use of goods. Devaluation is understood as the counterpart of appreciation, which entails the loss of value, either materially through wear and tear, or the loss of cultural meanings, for example, by something going out of style. Divestment is the counterpart of appropriation and refers to instances in which goods no longer fit consumers and their everyday practices and are therefore divested from use. Finally, the counterpart of acquisition, disposal, involves the various ways in which goods are disposed of, such as gifting, recycling, or binning (Evans, 2019). Thus, a single good – a service or a product – can go through multiple phases of consumption from being acquired, appropriated, and appreciated to being devalued, divested, and disposed. 7. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #QQDSF8 Practice theory in the field of consumption Score: 0.657 Related excerpt #VMLDNN: whether for utilitarian, expressive or contemplative purposes, of goods, services, performances, information or ambience, whether purchased or not, over which the agent has some degree of discretion" (Warde, 2005, p. 137). This is a broad definition that moves beyond the act of purchase and includes use. Moreover, expanding on the idea that consumption is a process rather than a practice, Warde, and later Evans, conceptualised consumption as a process consisting of various phases, what they called the three As of acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation and the three Ds of devaluation, divestment, and disposal (Evans, 2019). 8. Source: The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach (#Y3CFPX), Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta, p. 3 Context: #D6XSXA Theories of practice and the assembling of circular consumption Score: 0.646 Related excerpt #KRBVR9: The previously discussed broad definition of consumption is important to the issue of circular consumption, as it includes not only the purchase and use of goods but also the processes and activities connected with the goods' (de)valuation and disposal or recirculation. Circular consumption is, in large, about recirculating goods through the phases of consumption. A consumption object, such as a piece of clothing, ideally moves in a CE through several rounds of acquisition, appropriation, and appreciation in several sets of different consumers' practices before it is finally used up. ### 47. Assistant Yes — let’s treat “circularity” not as one concept but as a **cluster of meanings** moving through the bibliography. Different sources make circularity mean slightly different things: a loop, a practice, a form of labour, a care relation, a critique of consumer capitalism, a short reuse circuit, a moral promise, or a policy fantasy. That is actually useful for your thesis, because Brīvbode sits exactly in the gap between these meanings. ## 1. Circularity as the policy/diagram ideal: keeping materials in loops In the circular economy literature, circularity often begins as a systems idea: materials should stay in use longer, waste should be designed out, and objects should move through loops rather than linear take–make–dispose chains. This appears in the CE “butterfly diagram” logic: preserve natural capital, circulate products and materials for longer, and design out waste (#35H953). Stahel’s formulation, quoted by Shove and Rinkinen, captures the classic promise well: circular economy would turn goods at the end of one service life into resources for others — “reuse what you can, recycle what cannot be used, repair what is broken…” (#RHNFFH). For Brīvbode, this is the broad background: it is a place where goods at the end of one household life may become resources for another. But your thesis shows that the diagram is too clean. The loop does not close because the object has “potential”; it closes, partially and unevenly, because people sort, carry, judge, display, take, refuse, redirect, and care. ## 2. Circularity as consumer/practice transformation Tölg gives a direct definition of circular consumption: it means acquiring, using, and disposing of goods differently — acquiring second-hand, repairing, maintaining, and ensuring reuse rather than only recycling (#Y6RG69). This is very close to your object trajectory through Brīvbode: things arrive through divestment, are sorted and made visible, then possibly acquired and reinserted into use. But Tölg’s stronger contribution is that circularity is difficult because everyday life remains organised for linear consumption. Circular consumption is performed in “linear landscapes,” where buying new remains easy and circular practices are often add-ons (#DK5UEU, #MC25VK). This speaks directly to Brīvbode’s tension: it is a circular site embedded in overproduction, fast fashion, household overflow, and the ongoing availability of cheap goods. In your terms: Brīvbode does not abolish linear consumption; it creates a place where some of its surplus is reworked. ## 3. Circularity as something assembled, not simply chosen Fuentes, Närvänen and Mesiranta are useful because they refuse to treat circular consumption as a ready-made behaviour that individuals simply adopt. They frame circular consumption as a **continuous process and performance**, enabled and shaped by sociomaterial arrangements (#ZAQHJX). Their key question is: under what conditions is circular consumption made possible? That is almost exactly your Brīvbode question. Brīvbode assembles circularity through a room, shelves, boxes, opening hours, trust, volunteers, donors, norms, sorting categories, and tacit knowledge. Circularity here is not “people choosing reuse” in the abstract; it is a temporary arrangement of materials, meanings, and competencies that makes reuse doable. Their discussion of circular consumption as recirculating goods through acquisition, appropriation, appreciation, devaluation, divestment, and disposal also connects nicely to your Evans/Warde framing (#KRBVR9, #YWSREJ). ## 4. Circularity as hidden labour / consumption work Hobson et al. and Wheeler & Glucksmann shift the question from “how do materials circulate?” to “who does the work that allows them to circulate?” Hobson et al. argue that circular economy discourse often underplays the labour required of the “circular consumer”: circularity demands varied, unevenly distributed forms of consumption work (#629UVN). They also point out that CE labour is moved along supply chains and often obscured by claims of consumer convenience (#FH5JP3). This is one of the deepest connections to Brīvbode. The swapshop looks like a free-flowing place where unwanted things find new users. But Chapter 5 shows that this flow depends on unpaid sorting, emotional detachment, transport, quality assessment, social mediation, and the curatorial work of making objects available again (#EF5DET, #5YXGE6). Circularity is therefore not frictionless. It is work — and your thesis shows that this work is gendered, ethical, and often invisible. This is also where your critique of circular economy policy becomes sharp: circular systems often assume a supply of willing, skilled, time-rich people. Brīvbode shows who those people are. ## 5. Circularity as care Mesiranta et al. and Tölg & Fuentes push further: circularity is not only work, but care. Tölg and Fuentes argue that consumer care is built into the circular economy project, even when it is not named as such: people are expected to care for things, packaging, food, clothes, the environment, and future others (#A42MYV). They show that circular clothing consumption requires care awareness, responsibility-taking, and care resources (#R3BCC8, #RQVYTZ). Care alone is not enough; people need time, skills, infrastructures, and ways to resolve care dilemmas (#U6RVL7, #HS25S8). This is very Brīvbode. Donors care enough not to throw things away. Volunteers care enough to sort, rescue, wash, redirect, refuse, and sometimes tolerate imperfect uses. Rasa’s curation — holding a certain item for a certain person — is care and consumption work at once (#7X9BV4). But your thesis also shows care’s burden: caring for things can become exhausting, endless, and unequally carried. So in this thesis, circularity is not only “closing loops”; it is **care under pressure**. ## 6. Circularity as short reuse loops, not long recycling loops Tan and Yeoh are especially close to Brīvbode because they study physical freecycling markets. They distinguish **short reuse loops** from **long recycling loops**: short loops are preferable because they keep an object’s form, function, and value intact, rather than breaking it down into materials (#J46PZ3). They argue that freecycling markets redirect unwanted but reusable household objects away from disposal and toward new users, through “rescue” and “recirculation” (#NKZQC2, #GN9U22). This gives you a strong vocabulary for Brīvbode. Brīvbode is not primarily recycling. It is not even only reuse in a generic sense. It is a short-loop infrastructure: things are kept recognisable, usable, socially meaningful, and available. A sweater remains a sweater, a plate remains a plate, toys remain toys — unless they fail the threshold and are redirected elsewhere. But Tan and Yeoh also stress limits: freecycling markets may be environmentally sustainable but socially/spatially/labour-wise difficult to sustain (#7FMJZN). This resonates perfectly with Brīvbode’s bumblebee quality: it flies, but only through precarious arrangements of space, volunteer labour, and care. ## 7. Circularity as changing value/waste categories Eden’s Freecycle article helps with the idea that circularity involves things moving in and out of categories like commodity, gift, waste, useful object, and unwanted surplus. In Freecycle, objects are decommodified, recontextualised, and value is rediscovered where waste might otherwise be assumed (#7FG779). Tan and Yeoh also summarise Eden as showing how freecycling moves meanings and materials as things shift from “unwanted” to “wanted” (#KE8NXD). This supports your sorting/display argument. Brīvbode is a reclassification machine, but not a mechanical one. The same item can be rubbish, useful craft material, beautiful find, burden, charity object, resale opportunity, or ethical rescue, depending on who sees it and where it sits. Circularity here is partly a **change in classification**: not waste yet, not commodity anymore, not gift exactly, not charity ideally. ## 8. Circularity as ordinary practices moved into new spaces Holmes is useful because she brings circularity down from policy and business models into ordinary provisioning. She argues that domestic life already contains forms of circularity — food sharing, repurposing, recycling — and that the interesting question is how these ordinary practices are reorganised in diverse economic spaces (#56AZCA). Her “new spaces, ordinary practices” framing lets you say: Brīvbode is new not because giving, taking, sorting, or reusing are new, but because they are reorganised in a semi-public, non-monetary, permanent site (#XKELL5). So Holmes helps you avoid romanticising Brīvbode. It is not a utopian outside of capitalism. It is a reconfiguration of ordinary practices of provisioning and divestment, made visible in a new setting. ## 9. Circularity as the full trajectory of things Warde and Evans do not necessarily define “circularity” in CE terms, but they make your version of circularity analytically possible. Warde says consumption is not a practice in itself but a moment within practices (#C6LN2K). Evans extends consumption across acquisition, appropriation, appreciation, devaluation, divestment, and disposal (#NZ35DC). Together, they let you treat circularity as a trajectory through multiple practice moments rather than as a single act of “reuse.” A thing does not simply “enter the loop.” It is detached from one household, devalued or revalued, transported, sorted, displayed, noticed, acquired, appropriated again, and perhaps later divested again. This is why your chapter structure works: it follows things through phases of detachment and possible reattachment. ## 10. Circularity as tension, not resolution The most important synthesis for your thesis is that these sources do not all produce one smooth concept of circularity. They generate a productive tension: - CE policy imagines circularity as **closed loops** (#35H953, #RHNFFH). - Practice theory reframes it as **sociomaterial performance** (#ZAQHJX). - Consumption work literature shows it as **labour redistribution** (#629UVN, #FH5JP3). - Care literature shows it as **ethical and affective work** (#R3BCC8, #U6RVL7). - Freecycling literature shows it as **short-loop reuse through rescue and recirculation** (#NKZQC2, #GN9U22). - Your ethnography shows it as **situated, imperfect, and morally negotiated movement** (#M3VCHH, #MHM9Q5). So the thesis can say something like: > In this literature, circularity shifts from a systems model of closed loops to an everyday accomplishment requiring infrastructures, competencies, labour, judgement, and care. Brīvbode contributes by showing how this accomplishment happens in a low-threshold, non-monetary site where objects are not simply kept in circulation but continually reclassified, morally negotiated, and materially managed under conditions of overflow. That is the conceptual sweet spot. Brīvbode does not disprove circularity; it **ethnographically thickens it**. It shows circularity as a practice that is always being kept going, rather than a loop that simply closes.