# Assistant conversation PSKGJG - Canonical URL: - Resource IRI: - Type: assistant conversation - Mode: quick ## Transcript ### 1. User read the thesis doc marked as DRAFT, and let's try to draft a final summary section ### 2. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `list_documents` ```json {} ``` ### 3. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `list_documents` ```json {} ``` ### 4. Tool result: list_documents - #4V8VH7 Keeping It Moving and Holding It Together: An Ethnography of Brīvbode, a Riga Swapshop [MIKAEL] - 2026 | Ieva Lange - #WG8SNC Keeping It Moving and Holding It Together: An Ethnography of Brīvbode, a Riga Swapshop [draft] - 2026 | Ieva Lange Journal articles (91) - #QUD55H 'Saving' the city: Collective low-budget organising and urban practice - 2015 | Birke Otto, Hans Vollmer, Heike Derwanz, Paula Bialski | ephemera: theory & politics in organization | 20 pp. - #K52UPR A Critical Review of the Role of Repair Cafés in a Sustainable Circular Transition - 2021 | Mette Alberg Mosgaard, Rikke Marie Moalem | Sustainability | 26 pp. | doi:10.3390/su132212351 - #4EFC4F After Practice? Material Semiotic Approaches to Consumption and Economy [cited] - 2020 | David M. Evans | Cultural Sociology | 17 pp. | doi:10.1177/1749975520923521 - #9D34UM After taste: Culture, consumption and theories of practice - 2014 | Alan Warde | Journal of Consumer Culture | 25 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540514547828 - #5Y2AD9 An order of distinction (or, how to tell a collection from a hoard) - 2018 | Katie Kilroy-Marac | Journal of Material Culture | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/1359183517729428 - #FQRNAE Austerity and everyday life: Perspectives on practices of consumption and thrift - 2019 | Alison Hulme | Journal of Consumer Culture | 7 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540519872079 - #9MNC8T Austerity Ireland, the New Thrift Culture and Sustainable Consumption - 2017 | Fiona Murphy | Journal of Business Anthropology | 17 pp. | doi:10.22439/jba.v6i2.5410 - #59QUM6 Blurring the boundaries: Prosumption, circularity and online sustainable consumption through Freecycle [cited] - 2017 | Sally Eden | Journal of Consumer Culture | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540515586871 - #X8QHRR Calculating the Environmental Impact Reduction Due to Extended Lifespan of Clothing Through Clothing Swaps - 2025 | Agnė Jučienė, Inga Gurauskienė, Jolita Kruopienė | Sustainability | 22 pp. | doi:10.3390/su17104411 - #AVNZLE Care and circularity: how the enactment of care enables and shapes the circular consumption of clothing [cited] - 2025 | Christian Fuentes, Réka Tölg | Consumption and Society | 19 pp. | doi:10.1332/27528499y2024d00000032 - #XUHRZA Changing understandings of waste reduction and avoidance in moralities of thrift: A comparison of Mass Observers' narratives three decades apart [cited] - 2022 | Helen Holmes, Ulrike Ehgartner | Geoforum | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.10.014 - #BQ2W57 Circular Consumption Practices as Matters of Care [cited] - 2025 | Elina Närvänen, Malla Mattila, Nina Mesiranta, Outi Koskinen | Journal of Business Ethics | 19 pp. | doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05888-5 - #57LWKZ Cities of care: A platform for urban geographical care research - 2020 | Emma R. Power, Miriam J. Williams | Geography Compass | 12 pp. | doi:10.1111/gec3.12474 - #JXXRQJ Citizen-Consumers as Agents of Change in Globalizing Modernity: The Case of Sustainable Consumption - 2010 | Gert Spaargaren, Peter Oosterveer | Sustainability | 22 pp. | doi:10.3390/su2071887 - #8ZKAT7 Closing the loop or squaring the circle? Locating generative spaces for the circular economy - 2016 | Kersty Hobson | Progress in Human Geography | 17 pp. | doi:10.1177/0309132514566342 - #MCJT5Q Connecting the multi-level-perspective and social practice approach for sustainable transitions - 2022 | Léon Francis Hirt, Margit Keller, Marlyne Sahakian | Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions | 15 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.eist.2022.05.004 - #UB9EAT Consumer engagement in the circular economy: Exploring clothes swapping in emerging economies from a social practice perspective [cited] - 2019 | Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero | Sustainable Development | 16 pp. | doi:10.1002/sd.2002 - #Q3G2WY Consumption - 2011 | David Graeber | Current Anthropology | 24 pp. | doi:10.1086/660166 - #N7FUYP Consumption and Commodities - 1995 | D. Miller | Annual Review of Anthropology | 22 pp. | doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.24.1.141 - #RZ8QTE Consumption and Theories of Practice [cited] - 2005 | Alan Warde | Journal of Consumer Culture | 23 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540505053090 - #PSBVW7 Consumption in the Circular Economy: A Literature Review - 2018 | Casper Boks, Ida Nilstad Pettersen, Juana Camacho-Otero | Sustainability | 25 pp. | doi:10.3390/su10082758 - #NUEUVY Consumption Work in the circular economy: A research agenda. [cited] - 2021 | Dan Welch, Harald Wieser, Helen Holmes, Katy Wheeler, Kersty Hobson | Journal of Cleaner Production | 8 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128969 - #MNFABA Disposal and simple living: exploring the circulation of goods and the development of sacred consumption - 2009 | Hélène Cherrier | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | 14 pp. | doi:10.1002/cb.297 - #YBKS64 Everyday life after downshifting: Consumption, thrift, and inequality - 2020 | Jo Lindsay, Kim Humphery, Ruth Lane | Geographical Research | 15 pp. | doi:10.1111/1745-5871.12396 - #TBPJS6 Exploring the role of community-based enterprises in consumers' voluntary clothing disposition via UK swapping events using theory of social practice [cited] - 2023 | Aurelie Le Normand, Claudia E. Henninger, Lucie Počinková, Marta Blazquez Cano | Social Enterprise Journal | 21 pp. | doi:10.1108/sej-02-2023-0017 - #N5VYH8 Food practices as part of daily routines: A conceptual framework for analysing networks of practices - 2021 | Aricia F.M. Castelo, Martina Schäfer, Minelle E. Silva | Appetite | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104978 - #FHZZ6U Freecycling Markets as Sustainable Materialist Movements? Closing Reuse Circularity Loops in Singapore [cited] - 2024 | Brenda S.A. Yeoh, Qian Hui Tan | Worldwide Waste: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies | 15 pp. | doi:10.3197/whpww.63857928646673 - #SJ3K7R Friends, family and the circulation of used goods: overlooked sustainability practices - 2025 | Dharma Arunachalam, Jo Lindsay, Rob Raven, Ruth Lane | Environmental Sociology | 13 pp. | doi:10.1080/23251042.2025.2510410 - #4AE86F From circular consumers to carriers of (unsustainable) practices: socio-spatial transformations in the Circular City - 2020 | Kersty Hobson | Urban Geography | 5 pp. | doi:10.1080/02723638.2020.1786329 - #4UEQN8 Gift or commodity: what changes hands in the U.S. garage sale? - 1997 | Gretchen M. Herrmann | American Ethnologist | 21 pp. | doi:10.1525/ae.1997.24.4.910 - #B6FWAN Governing transitions in the sustainability of everyday life [cited] - 2010 | Elizabeth Shove, Gordon Walker | Research Policy | 6 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.019 - #MRANHJ Grey greening: quiet sustainability at auto salvage yards - 2022 | Pavel Mašek | Geografie | 19 pp. | doi:10.37040/geografie2022127010055 - #MBXQXR Growing in Motion: The Circulation of Used Things on Second-hand Markets [cited] - 2015 | Anna Bohlin, Staffan Appelgren | Culture Unbound | 26 pp. | doi:10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1571143 - #B3CVMW Harnessing the Unruly: Anthropological Contributions in Applied Reuse Projects - 2020 | Anna Bohlin, Staffan Appelgren | kritisk etnografi: Swedish Journal of Anthropology | 17 pp. | doi:10.33063/diva-432451 - #YW8AYL Home and the extended-self: Exploring associations between clutter and wellbeing - 2021 | Caroline J. Rogers, Dr Rona Hart | Journal of Environmental Psychology | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101553 - #ZB3YSD Household consumption at the crossroads: A bibliometric decoding of global sustainability trends, research gaps, and collaborative networks (2015-2025) - 2025 | B.K. Prahani, Hendry Cahyono, Iszan Hana Kaharudin, Kukuh Arisetyawan, Ladi Wajuba Perdini Fisabilillah, M. Satriawan, M.A. Ghofur, N. Suprapto, Ruth Eviana Hutabarat, S. Andari, Wenny Restikasari, Zain Fuadi Muhammad RoziqiFath | E3S Web of Conferences | 10 pp. | doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202564001017 - #UGBANU How temporal orientations trigger, nurture and sustain deep engagement with consumption practices - 2025 | Benjamin Rosenthal | Marketing Theory | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/14705931241264535 - #9GQP2Z In Defense of Consumer Critique: Revisiting the Consumption Debates of the Twentieth Century - 2007 | Juliet B. Schor | The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science | 15 pp. | doi:10.1177/0002716206299145 - #4Y4DVC Incidental sustainability? Notes from a thrift store in Germany - 2023 | Petra Kuppinger | Critique of Anthropology | 20 pp. | doi:10.1177/0308275x231194259 - #XUS5YJ Learning like a Minimalist—Learning from a Minimalist. Consumers as Disseminators for Sustainable Clothes Usage - 2021 | Journal of Sustainability Research | 24 pp. | doi:10.20900/jsr20210017 - #QWH9YU Lifestyles of enough exploring sufficiency-oriented consumption behavior from a social practice theory perspective - 2023 | Maren I Kropfeld | Journal of Consumer Culture | 22 pp. | doi:10.1177/14695405221095008 - #VGCYKU Linking social practice theories to the perceptions of green consumption: An overview - 2025 | Samira Jabin, Shah Md Atiqul Haq | Social Sciences & Humanities Open | 12 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101455 - #R69WZQ Material culture and the circular economy - 2023 | Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen | Frontiers in Sustainability | 4 pp. | doi:10.3389/frsus.2023.1158079 - #ARE7AL Materials changing the performance of the household energy consumption practices - 2025 | Eliisa Kylkilahti, Henna Syrjälä, Liisa Kääntä, Sara-Ellen Laitinen | Journal of Consumer Culture | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/14695405251321405 - #FYWZFY My Journey within Practice-Based Approaches Bandwagon - 2019 | Mika Pantzar | Sociologica | 8 pp. | doi:10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10203 - #XATD2A New spaces, ordinary practices: Circulating and sharing within diverse economies of provisioning [cited] - 2018 | Helen Holmes | Geoforum | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.022 - #R9KEKQ Not moving things along: hoarding, clutter and other ambiguous matter - 2009 | Neil Maycroft | Journal of Consumer Behaviour | 12 pp. | doi:10.1002/cb.298 - #VJ8G58 Object Relations in Accounts of Everyday Life - 2015 | Elizabeth Shove, Jenny Rinkinen, Mikko Jalas | Sociology | 16 pp. | doi:10.1177/0038038515577910 - #CUWPC9 On Materiality and Meaning: Ethnographic Engagements with Reuse, Repair & Care - 2019 | Cindy Isenhour, Joshua Reno | Worldwide Waste | 8 pp. | doi:10.5334/wwwj.27 - #D8EAVV Online Clothing Resale: A Practice Theory Approach to Evaluate Sustainable Consumption Gains - 2020 | Cosette M. Joyner Armstrong, Hyejune Park | Journal of Sustainability Research | 24 pp. | doi:10.20900/jsr20200017 - #AG36RW Paradoxes of openness and distinction in the sharing economy - 2016 | Connor Fitzmaurice, Emilie Dubois Poteat, Juliet B. Schor, Lindsey B. Carfagna, Will Attwood-Charles | Poetics | 18 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2015.11.001 - #86EHHS Practice theory approach to Gen Z’s sustainable clothing consumption in Finland [cited] - 2024 | Olga Gurova | Young Consumers | 19 pp. | doi:10.1108/yc-06-2023-1765 - #XAYNBH Practice-ing behaviour change: Applying social practice theory to pro-environmental behaviour change - 2011 | Tom Hargreaves | Journal of Consumer Culture | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540510390500 - #WVG7HV Quiet sustainability: Fertile lessons from Europe’s productive gardeners [cited] - 2013 | Joe Smith, Petr Jehlicka | Journal of Rural Studies | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.05.002 - #4YG3VP Repair for a Broken Economy: Lessons for Circular Economy from an International Interview Study of Repairers - 2021 | Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen, Jonas Anshelm | Sustainability | 15 pp. | doi:10.3390/su13042316 - #AY4Z4C Repair Work as Care: On Maintaining the Planet in the Capitalocene - 2025 | Julia E. Corwin, Vinay Gidwani | Antipode | 21 pp. | doi:10.1111/anti.12791 - #V9QTJP Reuse practices and household consumption work [cited] - 2026 | David M. Evans, Peter Jackson, Rorie Beswick-Parsons | Social & Cultural Geography | 21 pp. | doi:10.1080/14649365.2025.2549709 - #HJXUZN Selling Thrift: Work Practices in an American Thrift Store [cited] - 2023 | Frederik Larsen | Journal of Business Anthropology | 19 pp. | doi:10.22439/jba.v12i1.6914 - #ANC583 Social bases of material consumption: The relationship between social groups and possession of household appliances in Denmark - 2019 | Mette Hove Jacobsen | Journal of Consumer Culture | 20 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540516684190 - #NE9YL5 Sustainability as a Moral Discourse: Its Shifting Meanings, Exclusions, and Anxieties - 2022 | Al Lim, Lav Kanoi, Michael R. Dove, Shoko Yamada, Vanessa Koh | Sustainability | 17 pp. | doi:10.3390/su14053095 - #EPZXEW Sustainable Consumption and Practice Theories: Connecting Elements of Clothing Sharing - 2024 | Marcia de Freitas Duarte, Minelle E. Silva, Márcia R. Cavalcante Costa | BBR, Braz. Bus. Rev. | 25 pp. | doi:10.15728/bbr.2021.1182.en - #5FD8BE The Advent of Practice Theories in Research on Sustainable Consumption: Past, Current and Future Directions of the Field - 2019 | Filippo Corsini, Francesco Paolo Appio, Franziska Meinherz, Luca Mora, Rafael Laurenti | Sustainability | 19 pp. | doi:10.3390/su11020341 - #GAZV32 The communities and materials of repair: collectively reflecting on repair practices of everyday artefacts - 2026 | Bilge Merve Aktaş, Hazal Gümüş Çiftçi | CoDesign | 21 pp. | doi:10.1080/15710882.2025.2452575 - #P7EWHQ The Force of Things - 2004 | Jane Bennett | Political Theory | 27 pp. | doi:10.1177/0090591703260853 - #7VNTAB The gift of waste: The diversity of gift practices among dumpster divers - 2023 | Olli Pyyhtinen, Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen | Anthropological Theory | 23 pp. | doi:10.1177/14634996221117318 - #Q24SW5 The Gift, the Indian Gift and the 'Indian Gift' - 1986 | Jonathan Parry | Man | 22 pp. | doi:10.2307/2803096 - #UMYA27 The limits of the loops: critical environmental politics and the Circular Economy - 2021 | Kersty Hobson | Environmental Politics | 20 pp. | doi:10.1080/09644016.2020.1816052 - #UTEUAD The logics of frugality: Reproducing tastes of necessity among affluent climate change activists - 2017 | Jean Léon Boucher | Energy Research & Social Science | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.001 - #P88564 The Minimalist Universe of Things. Living with Less in German Speaking Households - 2023 | Heike Derwanz | Home Cultures | 18 pp. | doi:10.1080/17406315.2024.2338007 - #LB5ACW The Political Economy of Circular Economies: Lessons from Future Repair Scenario Deliberations in Sweden - 2023 | Duncan McLaren, Johan Niskanen | Circular Economy and Sustainability | 25 pp. | doi:10.1007/s43615-021-00128-8 - #7RVN6J The Simple Bare Necessities: Scales and Paradoxes of Thrift on a London Public Housing Estate - 2022 | Catherine Alexander | Comparative Studies in Society and History | 32 pp. | doi:10.1017/s0010417522000159 - #RRPNRF The Sustainability of an Anthropology of the Anthropocene - 2022 | Thomas Hylland Eriksen | Sustainability | 11 pp. | doi:10.3390/su14063674 - #NM4W8T Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture - 2011 | Gert Spaargaren | Global Environmental Change | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.010 - #GKZ9HP There is no sustainable circular economy without a circular society - 2021 | Charlotte Jensen, Florian Hofmann, Jakob Zwiers, Melanie Jaeger-Erben | Resources, Conservation and Recycling | 2 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105476 - #XDUQVM Through the practice lens: Where is the bandwagon of practice-based studies heading? - 2010 | Gessica Corradi, Luca Verzelloni, Silvia Gherardi | Management Learning | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/1350507609356938 - #MB6S7L Toward an Ecology of Materials - 2012 | Tim Ingold | Annual Review of Anthropology | 20 pp. | doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145920 - #7BM5AQ Uncontained accumulation: Hidden heterotopias of storage and spillage - 2018 | Sasha Newell | History and Anthropology | 6 pp. | doi:10.1080/02757206.2017.1397647 - #6EFDXH Unpicking contemporary thrift: Getting on and getting by in everyday life - 2019 | Helen Holmes | The Sociological Review | 17 pp. | doi:10.1177/0038026118797837 - #SHZ6RT Valuation in action: Ethnography of an American thrift store - 2019 | Frederik Larsen | Business History | 18 pp. | doi:10.1080/00076791.2017.1418330 - #N7DKM2 Vogel's Net - 1996 | Alfred Gell | Journal of Material Culture | 25 pp. | doi:10.1177/135918359600100102 - #S54TH3 Waste and the superfluous: an introduction - 2017 | Elisabeth Schober, Thomas Hylland Eriksen | Social Anthropology | 6 pp. | doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12422 - #6C82ER Waste is not the end. For an anthropology of care, maintenance and repair - 2017 | Francisco Martínez | Social Anthropology | 5 pp. | doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12436 - #UBF5U3 What does that shirt mean to you? Thrift-store consumption as cultural capital - 2020 | Shelly Steward | Journal of Consumer Culture | 21 pp. | doi:10.1177/1469540517745707 - #LB72BP What future for collaborative consumption? A practice theoretical account - 2019 | Gert Spaargaren, Walter Fraanje | Journal of Cleaner Production | 10 pp. | doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.197 - #9X3WKH Whose Collection Is It Anyway? An Autoethnographic Account of `Dividing the Spoils' upon Divorce - 2007 | Jackie Goode | Cultural Sociology | 19 pp. | doi:10.1177/1749975507082055 - #ZNC4FL WITH and WITHOUT THINGS. AN INTRODUCTION - 2023 | Francisco Martínez, Tomás Errázuriz | Home Cultures | 15 pp. | doi:10.1080/17406315.2024.2347703 - #ZJUEY4 ‘It will Keep Circulating’: Loving and Letting Go of Things in Swedish Second-hand Markets - 2019 | Anna Bohlin | Worldwide Waste | 11 pp. | doi:10.5334/wwwj.17 - #VWPB2S ‘It's Kind of Saving them a Job isn't it?’ The Consumption Work of Household Recycling - 2015 | Kathryn Wheeler, Miriam Glucksmann | The Sociological Review | 19 pp. | doi:10.1111/1467-954x.12199 - #UTUMYN ‘Nothing Comes Without Its World’: Thinking with Care - 2012 | María Puig de la Bellacasa | The Sociological Review | 20 pp. | doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2012.02070.x - #EDFB5G “If I don’t do it, it feels wrong”: embodying environmental ethical reflexivity through cultivation and enactment of practices [cited] - 2024 | Anne Sofie Møller Askholm | Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy | 12 pp. | doi:10.1080/15487733.2024.2350204 - #3F4AVR “Still good life”: On the value of reuse and distributive labor in “depleted” rural Maine [cited] - 2020 | Brieanne Berry, Cindy Isenhour | Economic Anthropology | 16 pp. | doi:10.1002/sea2.12176 Books (20) - #GABXSA Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies - 1995 | Daniel Miller | 350 pp. - #UX42KU Anthropology and the Economy of Sharing [cited] - 2016 | Thomas Widlok | 240 pp. | doi:10.4324/9781315671291 - #VC6397 Clothing Poverty: The Hidden World of Fast Fashion and Second-hand Clothes - 2015 | Andrew Brooks | 298 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781350219243 - #8J3FXD Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience: The Social Organization of Normality [cited] - 2003 | Elizabeth Shove | 236 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781474214605 - #2EDLQU Elusive Consumption - 2004 | Helene Brembeck, Karin M. Ekström | 254 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781474214704 - #BJ6B3C From the Cult of Waste to the Trash Heap of History: The Politics of Waste in Socialist and Postsocialist Hungary - 2007 | Zsuzsa Gille | 266 pp. - #4LST57 Household Recycling and Consumption Work [cited] - 2015 | Kathryn Wheeler, Miriam Glucksmann | 249 pp. | doi:10.1057/9781137440440 - #R26U48 Materiality - 2005 | Daniel Miller | 302 pp. - #Y3KME8 My Life with Things: The Consumer Diaries - 2016 | Elizabeth Chin | 248 pp. | doi:10.1515/9780822374268 - #B5KMLA Second-Hand Cultures and Economies of Reuse, Repair, Sharing, and Care - 2025 | Petra Kuppinger | Palgrave Macmillan | 28 pp. | doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99875-1 - #VKBZ23 Social Practices: A Wittgensteinian Approach to Human Activity and the Social - 1996 | Theodore R. Schatzki | 256 pp. | doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527470 - #5AXAEJ The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How It Changes [cited] - 2012 | Elizabeth Shove, Matt Watson, Mika Pantzar | 206 pp. | doi:10.4135/9781446250655 - #83R4U2 The Ethics of Waste: How We Relate to Rubbish - 2006 | Gay Hawkins | 80 pp. - #R49AUC The Nexus of Practices: Connections, constellations, practitioners - 2017 | Allison Hui, Elizabeth Shove, Theodore Schatzki | 237 pp. | doi:10.4324/9781315560816 - #3LSRBZ The Perception of the Environment: Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill - 2000 | Tim Ingold | 480 pp. - #6J5MKL The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory - 2001 | Eike von Savigny, Karin Knorr Cetina, Theodore R. Schatzki | 253 pp. | doi:10.4324/9780203977453 - #RCRP8Z The World of Goods: Towards an anthropology of consumption - 1996 | Baron Isherwood, Mary Douglas | 198 pp. - #BX2YWY Thinking Through Things: Theorising Artefacts Ethnographically - 2007 | Amiria Henare, Martin Holbraad, Sari Wastell | 248 pp. - #8YF7LY Thrift and its Paradoxes: From Domestic to Political Economy - 2022 | Catherine Alexander, Daniel Sosna | 232 pp. | doi:10.3167/9781800734623 - #3N7TTE Time, Consumption and Everyday Life: Practice, Materiality and Culture - 2009 | Elizabeth Shove, Frank Trentmann, Richard Wilk | 251 pp. | doi:10.5040/9781474215862 Book chapters (12) - #TNE9JN Habits and Their Creatures - 2012 | Elizabeth Shove | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 100-112 | 13 pp. - #EVCWDH Introduction. Storing and storying the serendipity of objects - 2013 | Patrick Laviolette | Things in Culture, Culture in Things | Approaches to Culture Theory | pp. 13-33 | 11 pp. - #PB2Z6X Introduction: commodities and the politics of value [cited] - 1986 | Arjun Appadurai | The Social Life of Things | Cambridge University Press | pp. 3-63 | 31 pp. | doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819582.003 - #WMSENQ Sustainable consumption as a systemic challenge: inter- and transdisciplinary research and research questions - 2015 | Philip J. Vergragt, Sylvia Lorek | Handbook of Research on Sustainable Consumption | Edward Elgar Publishing | pp. 19-31 | 14 pp. | doi:10.4337/9781783471270.00008 - #V4V7XC Sustainable Consumption, Behaviour Change Policies and Theories of Practice [cited] - 2012 | Andrew McMeekin, Dale Southerton, David Evans | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 113-129 | 17 pp. - #BZ63DX Sustainable practices: social theory and climate change - 2013 | Elizabeth Shove, Nicola Spurling | Sustainable Practices | Routledge | pp. 17-30 | 22 pp. | doi:10.4324/9780203071052-6 - #Y3CFPX The Assembling of Circular Consumption: A sociomaterial practice approach - 2023 | Christian Fuentes, Elina Närvänen, Nina Mesiranta | The Routledge Handbook of Catalysts for a Sustainable Circular Economy | Routledge | pp. 535-549 | 15 pp. | doi:10.4324/9781003267492-30 - #9DHD6K The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process - 1986 | Igor Kopytoff | The Social Life of Things | Cambridge University Press | pp. 64-92 | 15 pp. | doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819582.004 - #3SKV2A The cultural dimension of sustainable consumption practices: an exploration in theory and policy - 2013 | Gert Spaargaren | Innovations in Sustainable Consumption | Edward Elgar Publishing | 13 pp. | doi:10.4337/9781781001349.00022 - #72GVQ9 The Habits of Consumption [cited] - 2012 | Alan Warde, Dale Southerton | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 1-25 | 25 pp. - #KWZ2A4 Theories of Practice and Sustainable Consumption [cited] - 2015 | Alan Warde, Daniel Welch | Handbook of Research on Sustainable Consumption | Edward Elgar Publishing | pp. 84-100 | 17 pp. | doi:10.4337/9781783471270.00013 - #Q8AKGZ Towards a Better Accounting of the Roles of Body, Things and Habits in Consumption - 2012 | Harold Wilhite | The Habits of Consumption | Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies | pp. 87-99 | 13 pp. Doctoral theses (3) - #QRRZP2 Consumption and Practice: Unfolding Consumptive Moments and the Entanglement with Productive Aspects - 2013 | Benjamin Julien Hartmann | 157 pp. - #ZC3PHV Patchworks of Care: Ethics and Practice of Care in the Organic Food Movement in Latvia - 2020 | Agnese Bankovska | 234 pp. - #8EVNK8 The (im)possibilities of circular consumption: Producing and performing circular clothing consumption in retail and household settings - 2025 | Réka Tölg | 138 pp. Reports (1) - #XBPXDL Inconspicuous consumption: the sociology of consumption and the environment - 1998 | Alan Warde, Elizabeth Shove | 17 pp. Spreadsheet (1) - #XGCWS4 Ieva coded excerpt spreadsheet ### 5. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `get_document` ```json { "id": "WG8SNC" } ``` ### 6. Tool result: get_document THESIS #WG8SNC Title: Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia Outline: - 1 #S4CQ5M Introduction - 1.1 #PHBM7V Study context and research questions - 1.2 #JZR5Y4 Latvian context and research - 1.3 #2VAN88 A note on terms - 1.4 #LEKBCM The structure of the thesis - 2 #3ZH5VW Practice, Consumption and Its Work: A Theoretical Framework - 2.1 #JDPAM7 Theories of Practice - 2.2 #S8XM48 Theories of Practice to Study Alternative Practices? - 2.3 #338APQ Consumption practices - 2.4 #KQQPCD Consumption Work - 3 #T6FBMR Ethnography of Practice in Brīvbode - 3.1 #SGFK9W The site - 3.2 #N86FBL Setting the scene: A day in Brīvbode - 3.3 #4UFU6W Ethnography of Practice - 3.4 #Q7M3AW Participant observation - 3.4.1 #MA4HRX Fieldwork diary - 3.5 #M37X4S Interviews - 3.6 #PD5N2F Data analysis - 3.7 #2KXKR9 Research ethics - 4 #LESJ77 The Circulation of Things in Brīvbode and Things That Sustain It - 4.1 #DQD5GC Incoming Flow: Divestment From Home - 4.2 #V7EWH9 Materials in Brīvbode: Co-presence and Flow - 4.3 #M332QQ Reading the Room: Norms and Competencies of Circulation - 4.4 #RATF8K Not a Charity: The Moral Economy of Exchange - 4.5 #7D88QB Letting Go: Attachment Without Price - 4.6 #8TW5R7 What People Find Here: Plural Meanings of Acquisition - 4.7 #MZRUZ4 Quiet or Reflected Sustainability? - 5 #ZHD57W The Work of Circular Consumption - 5.1 #7QG8KD Priceless Valuation: Sorting, Curation, and Care - 5.2 #8KVQ86 Time to Give: Volunteers and Sufficiency Lifestyle - 5.3 #G3G7LX Modal labour across socioeconomic modes - 5.4 #MWZSAP Processual labour: exchange networks and gendered work - 6 #S9GXZE Conclusion - 7 #F7NEEX SUMMARY - 8 #4MK8MD LIST OF SOURCES - 9 #DF5UUN KOKKUVÕTE ### 7. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "F7NEEX", "S9GXZE", "DF5UUN" ], "expand": true } ``` ### 8. Tool result: read THESIS #WG8SNC Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #F7NEEX SUMMARY PARAGRAPH #VA8VPV Summary: the most important results and conclusions; analysis of whether the objective was achieved; where appropriate, proposals for further development and future research in the field. THESIS #WG8SNC Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #S9GXZE Conclusion PARAGRAPH #8KPJKE This chapter shows freecycling in Brīvbode as constituted by the interaction of materials, meanings, and competencies that together make the practice what it is. The materials of freecycling – the permanent physical site, the DIY retail aesthetic, the things circulating – actively constitute the practice. Brīvbode sits at the receiving end of the overproduction it aspires to address, and the material pressure of what arrives shapes everything from curatorial disagreements to the quality of social encounters. PARAGRAPH #473QVB The meanings sustaining freecycling are plural and do not need to be shared or mutually coherent across all practitioners. Dignity, aesthetic autonomy, experimentation, craft, social contact, and practical convenience bring different carriers to the same site. The moral economy of exchange holds these heterogeneous orientations together, actively maintained against the pressure of resellers, heavy-takers, and charity-seekers, yet flexible enough to accommodate them against the pressure of material overflow. Sustainability is one available meaning among many and is held unevenly and in tension with the consumption patterns participants bring with them. PARAGRAPH #Q355SL Together these elements sustain a practice that is simultaneously an alternative caring system and a low-threshold overflow channel for the overproduction it aspires to address. This tension does not resolve. It is, perhaps, what Brīvbode actually is: an honest response to a structural condition rather than a solution to it. PARAGRAPH #KBFLL3 Wheeler and Glucksmann's consumption work concept names the structure: tasks that paid institutions would perform in formal retail or waste management contexts are here absorbed by unpaid volunteers and participants, distributed across modal and processual dimensions that stretch well beyond the freeshop itself. Bankovska and Graeber name the motivation: much of this labour is not transferred from institutions onto reluctant consumers but self-imposed through ethical commitment and care – activities people perform because they cannot bring themselves not to. Miller names who bears it: consistently and disproportionately women, from household sorting and routing to managing others' generosity to transmitting these competencies to the next generation. PARAGRAPH #4F3GVD Circular consumption requires substantial labour, and that labour is unevenly distributed. Initiatives like Brīvbode depend on a structural condition – the sufficiency-oriented, time-rich, predominantly female volunteer and participant base that circular economy policy rarely names or supports. PARAGRAPH #F3XQHG This thesis is a contribution to the studies of circular consumption using ethnographic methods with practice theory approach. PARAGRAPH #SHYDFK This thesis brings together practice-theoretical perspectives on sustainable consumption and consumption work for a study of a site beyond the household — of goods circulation within a context of non-monetary exchange. PARAGRAPH #AK7JTK This thesis set out to examine how freecycling is organised and sustained in Brīvbode as a site of non-monetary exchange, and what work it requires from participants. The two empirical chapters have answered these questions in turn. PARAGRAPH #QU29MU Sustainability is real but uneven. For some practitioners it is the primary meaning; for long-term volunteers it has receded into the background of a routinized practice; for others it sits in genuine tension with consumption patterns that continue regardless. The practice continues across all these configurations, which is itself the point: Brīvbode demonstrates that sustainable outcomes do not require sustainable motivations. But it also demonstrates that circular consumption can coexist with overproduction – Brīvbode is simultaneously an alternative caring system and a low-threshold overflow channel for the surplus it aspires to address. This tension does not resolve. PARAGRAPH #P23EGN Freecycling is sustained by substantial labour that is unpaid, largely invisible, and unevenly distributed. The consumption work framework reveals three dimensions of this. Technically, tasks are distributed across participants in ways that reflect and reproduce gendered household labour: women sort, evaluate, prepare, transport, and manage not only their own divestment but that of neighbours, colleagues, and family members who route their surplus through embedded participants. Men's role, where it appears, is typically physical transport of bags that women have assembled. The practice is not only currently feminized — it is being transmitted along gendered lines to the next generation, as Kristīne's visits with her daughters illustrate. PARAGRAPH #STQP9F Modally, Brīvbode occupies a distinctive position outside the formal circular economy — absorbing the overflow, receiving some of the surplus that formal retails ystems will not handle and divest some of its own streams to textile collection systems. It is sustained by volunteer labour organized around sufficiency lifestyles with volunteers who have traded income for time, reduced monetary consumption, and found meaning in unpaid contribution. PARAGRAPH #TBZJZU Processually, the work stretches beyond the freeshop itself. The labour of divestment begins at home before anything arrives, and the networks through which things reach Brīvbode extend across households in ways that make the reach of the initiative considerably wider than its physical visitor count would suggest. PARAGRAPH #E3N629 The thesis provides an empirical account of freecycling as a social practice in a specific site and context. PARAGRAPH #QENYUC It extends the consumption work framework beyond the household to a semi-public community site, PARAGRAPH #MAQR6R and adds restraint as a form of consumption work – the deliberate self-regulation that the non-monetary arrangement demands from participants who do not want to accumulate. Third, it argues that the sustainability of informal circular economy initiatives like Brīvbode depends on structural conditions — sufficiency-organized time, feminized domestic labour, informal networks of care — that circular economy policy consistently fails to name, measure, or support. What circular economy metrics count as material flows are moved by labour that does not appear in any metric. PARAGRAPH #E8ZYQ6 Brīvbode sustains itself in its pragmatic, improvised manner, employing DIY and sufficiency ethos. Through meanings of playfulness, joy of exchange it recruits practitioners who participate – volunteers, visitors, many of whom are a very regular presence. PARAGRAPH #9NH9PY A site of social contact, anchored in the persona of volunteers. People show up, sort, carry and keep returning. It is an initiative that has attracted people over the years – operating with volumes larger than the initial place that it borrowed the practice from. PARAGRAPH #DL635Z Imperfections of the world. PARAGRAPH #Y5F3R4 Meanwhile, it holds a tension in structure – site of overflow, the experience of which can be very embodied and overwhelming. This might also be needed – to witness the material flows of contemporary world. PARAGRAPH #GEDSDA The thesis does not resolve the question of whether circular consumption, even when sustained and socially meaningful, produces sufficient rather than merely circular consumption. Brīvbode enables reuse, but it does not automatically reduce overall consumption and constitution of need. Following Warde's argument that consumption is a moment within practices rather than a practice in itself, what people are doing in Brīvbode is often better described as household management, divestment, social participation, or care for others. The circular economy framing captures part of this but not all of it. PARAGRAPH #7RSGPZ Future research might attend more closely how circular consumption initiatives “sit” with constitution of need – how the need to consume more is possibly challenged. PARAGRAPH #FSGHQU Sustainability transitions require systemic reconfiguration of normality (Shove, 2003). PARAGRAPH #2NMEE7 Freecycling in Brīvbode is constituted by materials, meanings, and competencies. PARAGRAPH #QD7W7W The permanent physical site that allows the rhythmic embodied co-presence of visitors and things, the entangled material arrangements of Brīvbode with wider international flows of second hand goods and its own relation to the textyle collection. Material elements are strongly constitutive of the practice. PARAGRAPH #AW8T4L The meanings that recruit and retain practitioners are plural and do not need to be shared: dignity, aesthetic autonomy, experimentation, craft, social contact, and practical convenience all bring different carriers to the same site. While alternative, they simultaneously overlap with some of the meanings present in capitalist consumption –... No single meaning cluster would generate sufficient volume, and the meanings do not need to be compatible. The moral economy of exchange holds these heterogeneous orientations together, as it is actively maintained as a normative achievement against the pressure of resellers, heavy-takers, and charity-seekers in Brīvbode, while also remaining flexible enough to accommodate them against the pressures of overflow. PARAGRAPH #BVECZ7 Competencies of sorting, evaluating quality without price signals, reading social norms, managing one's own acquisition impulses are more demanding than the low-threshold appearance of the site suggests. The practice recruits people it can teach; its threshold is social and evaluative rather than formal. PARAGRAPH #SDW4LB Brīvbode is a site where the ordinarily private and dispersed practices of domestic material life become visible. The continued existence of the swapshop – sustained through regular volunteer labour, participant labour, and a relatively stable social and material infrastructure – can be read as evidence of the demand that household goods circulation generates for divestment routes that, while taking some degree of effort, are socially acknowledged. PARAGRAPH #ATT6VQ Brīvbode operates within the conditions of overproduction, where the circulation of goods is shaped as much by excess as by need. While it enables reuse and access, it also absorbs the material overflow generated elsewhere. The labor of managing excess – the sorting, the deciding, the transporting, the emotional work of letting go – falls unevenly on people, is often invisible, and that becomes especially evident in circular economy contexts where more participation is needed. While some consumption work is alleviated in Brīvbode, it is replaced by other types. PARAGRAPH #CZYJCR Participation in Brīvbode is a form of consumption work, and understanding it as such reveals both what the swapshop enables and what it demands. Consumption work in the context of the swapshop: the effort of finding, sorting, or repurposing items, as well as the broader social practices around bringing and taking items from Brīvbode – decluttering, home organising, dealing with the needs of family members. PARAGRAPH #2QJU9A Brīvbode is at once an answer to a household problem and an arena where people work out possibly alternative relations to things. PARAGRAPH #K3J9L9 improvised solution that does not presuppose a lot of resources… except sufficiency lifestyle? PARAGRAPH #JDHYA8 THE TENSION BETWEEN HABIT (practice) AND INTENTION (trying to change?) Is practice unreflexive? Also work can be unreflexive… People are reflecting all the time, but what keeps them in the practice? The stickiness of it… PARAGRAPH #3D89DU Results, relevance, contribution. Also limitations and recommendations for future studies (very briefly) Further research might –– move into constitution of need… (Shove and Rinkinen) In line with Warde (2005). Circular consumption is one thing, but does it matter how you get things if it’s still an overflow? PARAGRAPH #B2GXY5 Brīvbode's moral economy is negotiated, situational practice where the meaning of "right circulation" is worked out in real time rather than determined in advance. PARAGRAPH #DQX9VT the labour sustains circulation entirely outside the formal economy PARAGRAPH #UVS9NA Un te gan jau var peiminēt to, kā pašiem brīvprātīgajiem šis jautājums vairs tiktāl nenodarbina prātu un viņi vnk ieņem un iemieso to savu lomu tajā lietu apritē kā zināmā mērā pašsaprotamu. PARAGRAPH #MEQ7PN It's circular but not always sufficient PARAGRAPH #9UXFBE Circular consumption is happening, but it's embedded in the same system of overproduction it aspires to counter. PARAGRAPH #FXMPV5 So Brīvbode is a site of circular consumption, but one that reveals the limits of the concept — circular consumption can coexist with overproduction, and calling something circular doesn't resolve the question of whether it's sufficient. PARAGRAPH #EQUQ8Q Circular consumption requires substantial labor; that labor is unevenly distributed; and the sustainability of initiatives like Brīvbode depends on a structural condition – the sufficiency-oriented, time-rich, mostly female volunteer and participant base. PARAGRAPH #SNFMDG Some of this work is unreflexive and habituated, some is deliberate and effortful. PARAGRAPH #P76F2Q Transactions of consumption work: “Rasa saka, ka darbs Brīvbodē dažreiz ļauj viņai nejusties vainīgai par to, ka viņa nesašķiro atkritumus.” PARAGRAPH #2FJ3E6 Līva L.: "Tā drēbju stanga... man liekas, viņa vēl kādam varētu noderēt. Un es neesmu to vēl tā kā izrisinājusi." A clothes rail that no longer has a place in her apartment but which she cannot yet bring herself to take anywhere – the sense that something is still good, someone could use it, but the act of routing it somewhere requires a decision and work to execute it (and appropriate divestment infrastructure). PARAGRAPH #ZA6DWY Visitors perhaps do not witness the complete material streams, but they see – PARAGRAPH #HT6RNV [No Singapūras pētījuma] Campbell-Johnston et al.’s (2020) argument that an item’s sequential (re)use is not a given. Rather, (re)use is underpinned by relational labour bound up in what Hobson (2020) calls social circularities. PARAGRAPH #3XQWKH “As suggested by these researchers, joint efforts involving various types of actors, such as non-profit organisations and local communities, can help balance marketised care. Examples of this within circular consumption include repair cafés, clothes-swapping events, and community fridges for sharing leftover food in the neighbourhood. Community-based aspects of circular consumption have recently been highlighted (for a review, see Luukkonen et al., 2024), and the role of local communities in adopting and appropriating circular consumption and care should be further examined. Frontrunner consumers may have a significant role to play in establishing these communities and crafting policies that are built from the bottom-up and aligned with their everyday lives.” (Mesiranta et al. 2025: 26) THESIS #WG8SNC Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #DF5UUN KOKKUVÕTE PARAGRAPH #BE6T6R A paper / thesis that has been written for a study programme which has English as the language of tuition should have a Summary in Estonian which should not be a verbatim translation of the summary of the thesis, but a brief summary of the whole thesis, covering the aim(s) and results of the thesis, the introduction, the basis of theory and methodology and a small-scale model of the summary. The summary in Estonian must contain the thesis title in standard Estonian. The summary must appear at the end of the paper / thesis. ### 9. Assistant tool calls #### Tool call: `read` ```json { "blocks": [ "PHBM7V", "LEKBCM" ], "expand": true } ``` ### 10. Tool result: read THESIS #WG8SNC Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #PHBM7V Study context and research questions PARAGRAPH #ET5CGT We live in a context of overproduction. Goods, especially textiles, move through households at increasing speed while the average use time continues to drop (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019). Circular economy policies increasingly position wider reuse and extended product lifetimes as responses to the environmental costs associated with these patterns, yet their success depends on everyday practices that are labour-intensive and socially uneven (Hobson et al., 2021). PARAGRAPH #ULMUVH Hobson et al. (2021) encourage research into circular economy consumption work “beyond the domestic sphere and space of the household” to examine consumption-based practices in other spaces where individuals come together around circular practices, regardless of whether these activities are explicitly labeled as “circular economy”. Other authors have reinforced this call for studies of community based dimensions of circular consumption (Luukkonen et al., 2024, Mesiranta et al., 2025). This thesis is an ethnographic study of a circular community initiative – the social practice of freecycling – the circulation of things within a non-monetary context – in Brīvbode, a volunteer-run swapshop1 in Riga. Brīvbode operates outside the formal circular economy framework: it is a “shop” without formal market transactions, no producer responsibility schemes or measured material flows. Yet it keeps secondhand goods in local circulation and fits within the principles of extending object lifetimes and keeping materials in use. PARAGRAPH #YD7C7G The study is situated in a changing practice landscape. Latvia introduced mandatory textile collection in 2023, new secondhand sales platforms are expanding the routes available for sequential flows of household goods, swapping and reuse initiatives have multiplied in Riga and beyond in recent years. A study of Brīvbode contributes to understanding this changing practice landscape by offering an empirical account of one specific site where divestment, acquisition, and non-monetary exchange come together. PARAGRAPH #BBEX33 The thesis examines how freecycling is organised and sustained as a social practice and what work it requires from its participants. Freecycling is viewed as a socially embedded, materially organized practice, and in this thesis it is situated within broader debates on sustainable consumption practices. PARAGRAPH #8KGR58 Being an emerging practice itself, freecycling in Brīvbode draws on practices that are familiar to participants – household sorting, secondhand acquisition, sequential use of goods, and places them in a new context of non-monetary exchange, offering practitioners new ways of relating to objects and people (Holmes, 2018). PARAGRAPH #WJWLUN The thesis draws on two main analytical frameworks. The first is practice theory, following Shove, Pantzar and Watson (2012) and Warde (2005), which allows analysing freecycling as a practice constituted by materials, meanings, and competencies, and attending both to the practice as an entity with its own wider trajectory and to its everyday performances. The second is the concept of consumption work (Wheeler and Glucksmann, 2015; Hobson et al., 2021), which provides a lens for attending to the labour involved in sustaining circular consumption and how it is distributed. Here it is extended to the non-formal context of a swapshop and the divestment networks that connect it to surrounding households. In this context consumption work is entangled with care work: much of the labour that sustains Brīvbode is performed because of felt moral obligation and relational commitment. Together these frameworks allow the thesis to attend to both what freecycling is as a recognisable social form, and what it costs in labour, skill, and care to sustain it. PARAGRAPH #DP3WS5 The thesis is guided by two research questions: PARAGRAPH #2YGQR6 How is freecycling organised and sustained in Brīvbode as a non-monetary, non-domestic site – what materials, meanings and competencies constitute it and how do they interact? PARAGRAPH #USUKUK What work does freecycling in Brīvbode require from participants, and how is that work currently distributed? PARAGRAPH #FYR2GE The study is based on participant observation in Brīvbode combined with fifteen semi-structured interviews with visitors, regular participants, and volunteers. My own participation as a volunteer shaped the fieldwork and is reflected in the analysis. PARAGRAPH #SLM6T8 “Circular economy frameworks, as developed in EU policy, are primarily oriented toward industrial supply chains, producer responsibility, and the systemic redesign of material flows at scale. Informal, community-based initiatives like Brīvbode operate largely outside this framework – they are not measured, not regulated, and not funded through circular economy mechanisms – yet they perform circular economy work in practice: keeping goods in use, extending object lifetimes, and diverting materials from waste streams. Hobson (2016) describes such initiatives as generative spaces of everyday activism, arguing that they occupy a productive but undertheorized position at the intersection of sharing and circular economy frameworks. They are neither fully legible to circular economy policy nor fully captured by sharing economy research, yet they enact circularity at the local, relational scale” THESIS #WG8SNC Circulation of Things in a Swapshop in Riga, Latvia SECTION #LEKBCM The structure of the thesis PARAGRAPH #5V2EL3 The thesis is organised as follows: Chapter Two reviews the relevant literature, situating the study within debates on practice theory and sustainable consumption and consumption work. Chapter Three describes the methodology, including the fieldwork context, interview approach, and analytical framework. Chapter Four, the first empirical chapter, examines Brīvbode as a site of freecycling practice: the materials flowing through it, the plural meanings and competencies that sustain giving and taking, and the non-monetary context that shapes the flows. Chapter Five turns more closely to the labour that sustains the flows described in Chapter Four, applying Wheeler and Glucksmann's consumption work framework to analyse the work performed by volunteers, participants, and the extended divestment networks that connect Brīvbode to surrounding households. The thesis concludes by drawing together the empirical findings and reflecting on what Brīvbode reveals about the conditions under which circular consumption practices can be sustained in everyday life. ### 11. Assistant I've read the SUMMARY section (#F7NEEX) — currently it's just the placeholder describing what a summary should be. The Conclusion (#S9GXZE) has lots of solid material but is fragmented with overlapping notes. Below is a tight draft summary that synthesizes the conclusion and aligns with the research questions stated in #PHBM7V. It follows the convention you've already noted: aim → theory → method → results → objective check → contribution → future research. --- **Draft for #F7NEEX SUMMARY** This thesis is an ethnographic study of *Brīvbode*, a volunteer-run swapshop in Riga, where things circulate without money. It asks how freecycling is organised and sustained as a social practice in a non-monetary, non-domestic site, and what work it requires from those who participate. The study responds to recent calls (Hobson et al., 2021; Luukkonen et al., 2024; Mesiranta et al., 2025) to examine circular consumption beyond the household and outside the formal circular economy framework. The analysis draws on two frameworks. Practice theory, following Shove, Pantzar and Watson (2012) and Warde (2005), is used to analyse freecycling as a practice constituted by materials, meanings, and competencies. The concept of consumption work (Wheeler and Glucksmann, 2015; Hobson et al., 2021) is used to attend to the labour that sustains circular consumption and to how that labour is distributed. The empirical material consists of participant observation conducted during my own volunteering at Brīvbode and fifteen semi-structured interviews with visitors, regulars, and volunteers. The first empirical chapter shows that freecycling in Brīvbode is constituted by the interaction of materials, meanings, and competencies. The permanent physical site, the DIY retail aesthetic, and the volume and rhythm of incoming things actively shape the practice; Brīvbode sits at the receiving end of the overproduction it aspires to address, and the pressure of what arrives shapes everything from curatorial disagreements to the quality of social encounters. The meanings that recruit and retain practitioners are plural and need not be shared: dignity, aesthetic autonomy, experimentation, craft, social contact, and practical convenience bring different carriers to the same site. Sustainability is one available meaning among many, held unevenly and often in tension with consumption patterns participants bring with them. A moral economy of exchange holds these heterogeneous orientations together — actively maintained against resellers, heavy-takers, and charity-seekers, yet flexible enough to absorb them under the pressure of overflow. Competencies of sorting, evaluating without price signals, reading social norms, and managing one's own acquisition impulses turn out to be more demanding than the low-threshold appearance of the site suggests. The second empirical chapter reframes participation as consumption work and identifies three dimensions of how it is distributed. *Modally*, Brīvbode occupies a position outside the formal circular economy: it absorbs overflow that retail systems will not handle and routes part of its own surplus into textile collection, sustained by volunteer labour organised around sufficiency lifestyles in which time has been traded for income. *Processually*, the work stretches well beyond the freeshop itself — divestment begins at home, and informal household networks route others' surplus through embedded participants, making the initiative's reach considerably wider than its visitor count suggests. *Relationally and along gendered lines*, the work falls disproportionately on women, who sort, evaluate, prepare, transport, and manage not only their own things but those of neighbours, colleagues and family — and who are transmitting these competencies to the next generation. The objective of the thesis — to examine how freecycling is organised and sustained in Brīvbode and what work it requires — has been met. The thesis contributes an empirical account of freecycling as a social practice in a specific Latvian site; it extends the consumption work framework beyond the household to a semi-public community site; and it adds *restraint* — the deliberate self-regulation that non-monetary access demands — as a form of consumption work. It argues that the sustainability of informal circular initiatives depends on structural conditions — sufficiency-organised time, feminised domestic labour, informal networks of care — that circular economy policy consistently fails to name, measure, or support. The thesis does not resolve whether circular consumption, even when sustained and socially meaningful, also produces sufficient consumption: Brīvbode enables reuse, but it does not by itself reduce overall throughput. Future research might attend more closely to how circular consumption initiatives sit with the constitution of need (Shove and Rinkinen, 2023; Warde, 2005) — that is, whether and how the demand to consume more is challenged from within practices like freecycling, and how community-based circular initiatives might be supported without offloading the costs onto the unpaid labour of those who already carry them. --- A few editorial notes: - I removed the in-progress fragments from the conclusion (e.g. #DL635Z "Imperfections of the world", #K3J9L9, #JDHYA8) — those read like notes-to-self. - I dropped the Latvian sentence (#UVS9NA) since the SUMMARY is in English; if you want, that observation about volunteers' taken-for-granted self-image could be folded into the conclusion proper instead. - Word count is around 720, which is typical for a master's summary. Trim to ~500 if your programme has a stricter limit. - If you want, paste this into #F7NEEX as the working version and we can tighten or shorten in a second pass — and then translate a condensed version for #DF5UUN. ### 12. User let's do a condensed version for the estonian summary yeah 😅 ### 13. Assistant Here's a condensed Estonian draft for #DF5UUN. My Estonian is functional but not native — flag for a proofread by someone fluent before submission, especially the case endings and the title. --- **KOKKUVÕTE** *Asjade ringlus vahetuspoes Riias, Lätis* Käesolev magistritöö on etnograafiline uurimus Brīvbodest, vabatahtlike juhitud vahetuspoest Riias, kus asjad liiguvad ilma rahata. Töö küsib, kuidas *freecycling* — asjade ringlus mitterahalises kontekstis — on ühes konkreetses kohas organiseeritud ja alal hoitud, ning mis tööd see osalejatelt nõuab. Uurimus vastab hiljutistele üleskutsetele (Hobson jt 2021; Mesiranta jt 2025) uurida ringmajanduslikku tarbimist väljaspool kodumajapidamist ja väljaspool ametlikku ringmajanduse raamistikku. Teoreetiliselt toetub töö praktikateooriale (Shove, Pantzar ja Watson 2012; Warde 2005), mis võimaldab analüüsida freecyclingut kui praktikat, mida konstitueerivad materjalid, tähendused ja oskused. Teine raamistik on tarbimistöö (*consumption work*) mõiste (Wheeler ja Glucksmann 2015), mida käesolevas töös laiendatakse kodumajapidamise piiridelt poolavalikku kogukondlikku konteksti. Empiiriline materjal koosneb osalusvaatlusest autori enda vabatahtliku töö ajal ning viieteistkümnest poolstruktureeritud intervjuust külastajate, regulaarsete osalejate ja vabatahtlikega. Töö esimene empiiriline peatükk näitab, et Brīvbode praktika moodustub materjalide (püsiv ruum, sissetulevate asjade rütm ja maht), pluraalsete tähenduste (väärikus, esteetiline autonoomia, käsitöö, sotsiaalne kontakt, praktiline mugavus, jätkusuutlikkus) ning oskuste (sorteerimine, hinnasignaalita hindamine, sotsiaalsete normide lugemine, oma soovide ohjeldamine) koostoimes. Mitterahalist vahetust hoiab koos läbiräägitav moraalimajandus, mis tasakaalustab edasimüüjate, suurvõtjate ja heategevuse otsijate survet ning materjalide ülevoolu. Teine peatükk käsitleb osalemist tarbimistööna ja näitab, et see töö on ebaühtlaselt jaotunud. Modaalselt asub Brīvbode ametlikust ringmajandusest väljaspool, toetudes piisavusele orienteeritud elustiilile; protsessuaalselt ulatub töö poest kaugemale, kodudesse ja mitteametlikesse võrgustikesse; soolises mõõtmes langeb see ebavõrdselt naistele. Töö järeldab, et mitteametlike ringmajandusalgatuste jätkusuutlikkus tugineb struktuursetele tingimustele — piisavuseks kulutatud ajale, naiste kantud kodusele tööle ja mitteametlikele hoolivusvõrgustikele — mida ringmajanduspoliitika reeglina ei nimeta, mõõda ega toeta. Töö panus on kolmene: empiiriline ülevaade ühest konkreetsest freecycling'u praktikast Lätis; tarbimistöö raamistiku laiendamine kogukondlikku konteksti väljaspool kodumajapidamist; ning enesepiiramise (*restraint*) lisamine tarbimistöö ühe vormina. Edasised uuringud võiksid keskenduda sellele, kuidas ringmajanduslikud algatused suhestuvad tarbimisvajaduse konstitueerimisega — kas ja kuidas ringlus võib viia ka piisavuseni. --- About 350 words. Two things to double-check with a native speaker: - The title — "Asjade ringlus vahetuspoes Riias, Lätis" mirrors your shorter English title. If you want to capture "Keeping It Moving and Holding It Together," something like *"Liikumas hoidmine ja koos hoidmine: etnograafia Brīvbodest, Riia vahetuspoest"* is closer but clunkier. Pick whichever the programme expects. - "Vabatahtlike juhitud" vs "vabatahtlike juhitavast" — agreement with "vahetuspoest" probably wants the latter form. ### 14. User let's rewrite the english one like half a page instead of two pages ### 15. Assistant **Draft for #F7NEEX SUMMARY** This thesis is an ethnographic study of *Brīvbode*, a volunteer-run swapshop in Riga where things circulate without money. It asks how freecycling is organised and sustained as a social practice in a non-monetary, non-domestic site, and what work it requires from those who participate. The analysis combines practice theory (Shove, Pantzar and Watson 2012; Warde 2005) with the concept of consumption work (Wheeler and Glucksmann 2015; Hobson et al. 2021), and draws on participant observation conducted during my own volunteering and fifteen semi-structured interviews. Freecycling in Brīvbode is constituted by the interaction of materials, plural meanings, and demanding competencies. The site sits at the receiving end of the overproduction it aspires to address; the volume and rhythm of incoming things shape everything from curatorial disagreements to the quality of social encounters. Meanings — dignity, aesthetic autonomy, craft, social contact, practical convenience, sustainability — are plural and need not be shared, held together by a moral economy of exchange that is actively maintained against the pressure of resellers, heavy-takers, and overflow. Sustainability is one available meaning among many, held unevenly and often in tension with consumption patterns participants bring with them. Reframed as consumption work, participation in Brīvbode is unevenly distributed: modally, the site sits outside the formal circular economy and is sustained by sufficiency-oriented volunteers who have traded income for time; processually, the work stretches well beyond the freeshop, beginning in households and travelling through informal divestment networks; and it falls disproportionately on women, who also transmit these competencies to the next generation. The thesis contributes an empirical account of freecycling in a specific Latvian site, extends the consumption work framework to a semi-public community context, and adds *restraint* — the deliberate self-regulation that non-monetary access demands — as a form of consumption work. It argues that the sustainability of informal circular initiatives depends on structural conditions that circular economy policy consistently fails to name or support. Future research might examine how such initiatives sit with the constitution of need — whether circulation can also lead to sufficiency. --- About 340 words — roughly half a page at standard formatting. The Estonian version above is now proportionally matched. ### 16. User lets do estonian A paper / thesis that has been written for a study programme which has English as the language of tuition should have a Summary in Estonian which should not be a verbatim translation of the summary of the thesis, but a brief summary of the whole thesis, covering the aim(s) and results of the thesis, the introduction, the basis of theory and methodology and a small-scale model of the summary. The summary in Estonian must contain the thesis title in standard Estonian. The summary must appear at the end of the paper / thesis. ### 17. Assistant **KOKKUVÕTE** *Asjade ringlus vahetuspoes Riias, Lätis* Tänapäeva ülemäärase tootmise tingimustes liiguvad asjad — eriti tekstiilid — kodumajapidamistest läbi üha kiiremini, samal ajal kui ringmajanduspoliitika seab ootused taaskasutusele ja toodete eluea pikendamisele. Hiljutised uurijad (Hobson jt 2021; Mesiranta jt 2025) on kutsunud üles vaatlema ringmajanduslikku tarbimist väljaspool kodumajapidamist ja väljaspool ametliku ringmajanduse raamistikku — kogukondlikes algatustes, kus inimesed asjade ringlusega tegelikult tegelevad. Käesolev magistritöö on etnograafiline uurimus Brīvbodest, vabatahtlike juhitavast vahetuspoest Riias, kus asjad liiguvad rahata. Töö eesmärk on mõista, kuidas selline mitterahalisel vahetusel põhinev praktika — *freecycling* — ühes konkreetses kohas tekib ja püsib, ning milline töö seda alal hoiab. Kaks uurimisküsimust on: millised materjalid, tähendused ja oskused Brīvbode praktikat konstitueerivad, ning kuidas on selle praktika säilitamiseks vajalik töö osalejate vahel jaotunud. Teoreetiliselt toetub töö praktikateooriale (Shove, Pantzar ja Watson 2012; Warde 2005) ning tarbimistöö (*consumption work*) mõistele (Wheeler ja Glucksmann 2015), mida laiendatakse kodumajapidamise piiridelt kogukondlikku konteksti. Empiiriline materjal põhineb autori enda vabatahtliku töö käigus tehtud osalusvaatlusel ning viieteistkümnel poolstruktureeritud intervjuul külastajate, regulaarsete osalejate ja vabatahtlikega. Töö näitab, et Brīvbode praktika moodustub materjalide, mitmekesiste tähenduste ja oskuste koostoimes. Asjade hulk ja rütm kujundavad nii sotsiaalseid kohtumisi kui ka pingeid. Tähendused — väärikus, esteetiline autonoomia, käsitöö, sotsiaalne kontakt, praktiline mugavus, jätkusuutlikkus — on pluraalsed ja neid hoiab koos läbiräägitav moraalimajandus. Jätkusuutlikkus on üks võimalik tähendus paljude seas, sageli pinges osalejate igapäevaste tarbimisharjumustega. Tarbimistööna käsitletuna on osalemine ebaühtlaselt jaotunud: praktikat kannab piisavusele orienteeritud, ajaga kindlustatud ning valdavalt naissoost vabatahtlike ja osalejate baas; töö ulatub poest kaugele, kodudesse ja mitteametlikesse võrgustikesse. Töö panus on kolmene: empiiriline ülevaade ühest konkreetsest freecycling'u praktikast Lätis; tarbimistöö raamistiku laiendamine poolavalikku kogukondlikku konteksti; ning enesepiiramise (*restraint*) lisamine tarbimistöö ühe vormina. Töö järeldab, et mitteametlike ringmajandusalgatuste jätkusuutlikkus tugineb struktuursetele tingimustele — piisavuseks kulutatud ajale, naiste kantud kodusele tööle ja mitteametlikele hoolivusvõrgustikele — mida ringmajanduspoliitika reeglina ei nimeta ega toeta. --- About 360 words. This version follows the Estonian summary convention — it opens with the introduction's framing (overproduction, the call for community-level research), then states aim and research questions, theory, methodology, and results in a parallel-but-not-identical structure to the English summary. Still worth a native-speaker proofread for case agreement and flow. ### 18. User wtf does "a small-scale model of the summary" mean lol? ### 19. Assistant Honestly? It means "a mini version of the summary." 😄 It's clunky academic English — probably translated from Estonian regulation-speak ("kokkuvõtte väikesemahuline mudel" or similar). What they're trying to say is: > The Estonian summary should be a smaller-scale version of the English summary — covering the same components (aim, theory, method, results) but condensed and reworded, not a word-for-word translation. So the point of the rule is just: don't run the English summary through Google Translate and call it done. Write a fresh, shorter Estonian text that hits the same beats. Which is exactly what the draft above does — you're fine. ### 20. User we're using the short english summary so the estonian shouldn't be longer than that ### 21. Assistant **KOKKUVÕTE** *Asjade ringlus vahetuspoes Riias, Lätis* Ülemäärase tootmise tingimustes seavad ringmajanduspoliitikad ootused taaskasutusele ja toodete eluea pikendamisele, ent nende edu sõltub igapäevastest praktikatest, mis on töömahukad ja ebaühtlaselt jaotunud. Hiljutised uurijad (Hobson jt 2021; Mesiranta jt 2025) on kutsunud üles vaatlema ringmajanduslikku tarbimist väljaspool kodumajapidamist ja ametliku ringmajanduse raamistikku. Käesolev magistritöö on etnograafiline uurimus Brīvbodest, vabatahtlike juhitavast vahetuspoest Riias, kus asjad liiguvad rahata. Töö küsib, kuidas mitterahalisel vahetusel põhinev praktika — *freecycling* — ühes konkreetses kohas tekib ja püsib, ning millist tööd see osalejatelt nõuab. Teoreetiliselt toetub töö praktikateooriale (Shove, Pantzar ja Watson 2012; Warde 2005) ning tarbimistöö (*consumption work*) mõistele (Wheeler ja Glucksmann 2015), mida laiendatakse kodumajapidamise piiridelt kogukondlikku konteksti. Empiiriline materjal põhineb autori vabatahtliku töö käigus tehtud osalusvaatlusel ja viieteistkümnel poolstruktureeritud intervjuul. Brīvbode praktika moodustub materjalide, mitmekesiste tähenduste ja oskuste koostoimes. Sissetulevate asjade hulk ja rütm kujundavad nii sotsiaalseid kohtumisi kui ka pingeid. Tähendused — väärikus, esteetiline autonoomia, käsitöö, sotsiaalne kontakt, praktiline mugavus, jätkusuutlikkus — on pluraalsed ja neid hoiab koos läbiräägitav moraalimajandus. Jätkusuutlikkus on üks tähendus paljude seas, sageli pinges osalejate igapäevaste tarbimisharjumustega. Tarbimistööna käsitletuna on osalemine ebaühtlaselt jaotunud: praktikat kannab piisavusele orienteeritud ja valdavalt naissoost vabatahtlike baas; töö ulatub poest kaugele kodudesse ja mitteametlikesse võrgustikesse. Töö panustab empiirilise ülevaatega ühest konkreetsest freecycling'u praktikast Lätis, laiendab tarbimistöö raamistikku poolavalikku kogukondlikku konteksti ning lisab enesepiiramise (*restraint*) tarbimistöö ühe vormina. Töö järeldab, et mitteametlike ringmajandusalgatuste jätkusuutlikkus tugineb struktuursetele tingimustele — piisavuseks kulutatud ajale, naiste kantud kodusele tööle ja mitteametlikele hoolivusvõrgustikele — mida ringmajanduspoliitika reeglina ei nimeta ega toeta. --- About 280 words — shorter than the English summary, hits all the required beats. Still worth a native-speaker pass for case endings.